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1893 


Mott's 

Phonology  and 
Phonotype 


A  TEXT   BOOK 


BY 


John    M.  Mott 


Paris 
1900 


JOHN  M.  MOTT  <fe  COMPANY, 

Phonetic  Publishers, 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 

1902. 


XWENTY=FIV1£     CENTS 


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ff 


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MOTT'S  FONOLOJ!  AND  FONOTQIP 


"NIVERS/TY  ' 


Awards 


Mott's 

Phonology  and 
Phonotype 


Chicago 
1893 


Paris 
1900 


A   TEXT    BOOK 

CONTAINING,  AMONG  OTHER  THINGS, 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  SOUNDS  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE; 
A  DISTINCT  LETTER  FOR  EACH  SOUND; 
A  NEW  DIAGRAM  OF  VOWEL  UTTERANCE; 

RULE  FOR  SYLLABICATION  ACCORDING  TO  PRONUNCIATION; 
THE  STANDARD  PRONUNCIATION  OF  MORE  THAN  10,000  WORDS; 
CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  VOWELS,  AND  OF  THE  CONSONANTS, 
OF  THE  ENGLISH  AND  OF  THE  SPANISH  LANGUAGES. 


BY 

John    M.  Mott, 

AUTHOR  OR 

Electric,  pott's  Modern  ^lode, 
Spelling  Reform ;  its  Purpose  and  Progress 


JOHN  M.  MOTT  &  COMPANY 

Phonetic  Publishers 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 

1902 


COPYRIGHTED  MARCH  18,  1901,  BY  JOHN  M.  MOTT. 


Dedication. 


This  Volume  is  Dedicated 
To  School  Teachers. 

They  are   requested    to    become    familiar  with 
its  contents    and    to    use  daily  the  book  in 
their   schools.      By    so   doing  they  will 
aid   in    establishing    correct  pronun- 
ciation  and   orthography   for    th^ 
English  language,  and  in  ma- 
king it  the  Diplomatic  lan- 
guage of  the  world  if 
not    a    Universal 
Language. 


158421 


CHART    OF    THE    PHONETIC    ENGLISH    ALPHABET, 

BY  JOHN  M.  MOTT, 

Based  upon  the  Scientific  Alphabet,  framed  in  1877  by  a  Committee  of  the 

American  Philological  Association,  showing   the  order  of  the  letters, 

their  names,  their  assignments,  the  power  of  the  circumflex, 

and  the  mode  of  representing  diphthongs. 


LET'RS 

NAMES 

KEY     WORDS 

LET'RS 

NAMES 

KEY     WORDS 

Cta 

dh  (ah) 

a-fdr      afar 

Dg 

ing 

bane       bank 

A  a 

&h  (a  ir) 

af-far    affair 

Oo 

oh  (oh) 

pro-vdc  provoke 

Bb 

bee 

bib         bib 

00 

6h(awe) 

let,  16    lot,  law 

Cc 

kee 

cac-1      cackle 

Pp 

pee 

pcdp      pipe 

6)6 

chee 

£ir         cheer 

Rr 

ar 

ror        roar 

Dd 

dee 

did         did 

Ss 

ess 

sil         seal 

H& 

thee 

item        thou 

fi.& 

ish 

§ip         ship 

E  e 
Ff" 

Gg 
Hh 

eh  (ay) 
eff 
ghee 
hee 

es-tet     estate 
foif        fife 
g6st        ghost 
h61         hall 

Tt 

¥* 
Uu 
Uu 

tee 
ith 
uh  (oo) 
uh(u  r) 

tdrt       tart 

led         thigh 
j"  pul    pull 
\  pul    pool 
up,  urj  up,  urge 

I  i 

ih  (ee) 

bi-liv     believe 

Vv 

vee 

viu        view 

Jj 

jay 

jei          joy 

Ww 

woo 

wud      wood 

LI 

ell 

lit-1        little 

Yy 

yee 

yir        year 

Mm 

em 

moist     moist 

Zz 

zee 

zil         zeal 

Nn 

en 

nau        now 

21 

zhee 

re-  JUT  rasure 

DIPHTHONGS. 

Expressed  by  their  elements. 


ELEMENTS 

KEY  WORDS 

ELEMENTS 

KEY  WORDS 

a-i  spells  oi 
a-  u  spells  au 

vain     vine 
aut       out 

i-u  spells  iu 
e-i  spells  ei 

mint    mute 
oil        oil 

Standard  Dictionary,  page  2104,  4. 


CHART  OF  THE  PHONETIC  ENGLISH  ALPHABET, 

BY  JOHN  M.  MOTT, 

Based  upon  the  Scientific  Alphabet  framed  in  1877   by   a  Committee   of  the   Amer- 
ican Phik^ogical  Association,  showing  the  order  of  the  letters,  their  print  and 
script  forms,  their  names,  their  assignments,  the  power  of  the  circum- 
flex, and  the  mode  of  representing  diphthongs. 


SCRIPT 


Gaa 


NAMES 


dh  (ah) 
ah  (azr) 
bee 
kee 

chee 
dee 
thee 
eh  (ay) 
eff 
ghee 
hee 
ih  (ee) 

jay  ' 
ell 

em 
en 


K.  WOKDS 


a-fdr 

af-far 

bib 

cac-1 

dir 

did 

Aau 

es-tet 

faif 

gost 

hoi 

M-liv 

joi 

lit-1 

moist 

nau 


JfKi^T 


Dg 
Oo 
Oo 
Pp 
Rr 
Ss 

Tt 

II  u 

Uu 

Vv 

Ww 

Yy 

Zz 


HUttiiTT  JNAME8         li.  WOKD8 


Preface. 


(Current  English  Spelling.) 

There  is  necessity  for  a  work  for  use  in  schools  that  can 
be  made  of  practical  value  in  imparting  to  pupils  knowledge 
of  the  sounds  of  the  English  language.  This  book  is  pub- 
lished to  meet  this  want.  It  is  also  a  school  text  book  showing 
standard  pronunciation  of  several  thousands  of  words,  and 
from  its  use  in  schools  pupils  will  be  induced  to  use  correct 
pronunciation. 

In  this  work  every  sound  of  the  English  language  is  iden- 
tified and  critically  analyzed.  Minute  instructions  for  produ- 
cing the  sounds  are  given,  followed  by  a  series  of  exercises  in 
voicing  words  lettered  in  current  and  in  phonetic  spelling. 

The  full  vowel  sounds  are  indicated  by  a  diacritic,  com- 
mon to  every  vowel  letter,  and  wherever  used  it  indicates  the 
prolongation  of  the  vowel  represented  by  the  letter  over  which 
it  is  placed.  This  is  a  simple  and  scientific  system  of  vowel 
representation  which  fully  meets  the  requirements  for  all  ut- 
terances of  the  vowels.  It  identifies  the  quality  of  the  vowel 
element  in  every  syllable  and  permits  the  use  of  a  greater 
or  lesser  quantity  of  the  element  by  different  persons  without 
cumbering  the  alphabet  with  signs  that  would  represent  shade 
sounds  only. 

The  main  things  to  be  attained  at  this  time  are:  1.  To 
place  in  the  hands  of  teachers  and  pupils  in  the  public  schools 
a  standard  work  on  the  subject  of  which  this  book  treats: 
2.  To  put  in  the  schools  an  ideal  alphabet  for  representing 
the  sounds  of  the  English  language:  3.  To  show  that 
changes  in  current  spellings  would  not  change  the  English 
language  nor  destroy  its  historical  continuity. 


JPrefes. 


(Standard  Iijgli^  Pronunsie§un.) 

iTar  iz  nisesiti  fer  a  ware  f6r  yus  in  sculz  ftat  can  bi  med 
ev  practical  valyu  in  impartir)  tu  piupilz  nelej  ev  fti  saundz  ev 
fti  Irjgli§  larjgwej.  ITis  buc  iz  publi^t  tu  mit  ftis  w6nt.  It  iz 
elso  a  scul  tecst  buc  §oii)  standard  pronunsie^un  ev  sevural 
tauzandz  ev  wurdz,  and  from  its  yus  in  sculz  piupilz  wil  bi  in- 
diiist  tu  yuz  correct  pronunsie^un. 

In  ttis  wurc  evri  saund  ev  tti  IrjgliS  lai]gwej  iz  aidentif  aid 
and  critical!  analaizd.  Miniut  instruc^unz  fer  prodiiisig  fti 
saundz  ar  givn,  felod  bai  a  siriz  ev  ecsursaizez  in  veisii)  wurdz 
Leturd  in  curent  and  in  fonetic  spelig. 

fTi  ful  vauel  saniidz  ar  indicated  bai  a  daiacritic,  cemun 
tu  evri  vauel  letur,  and  hwarevur  yuzd  it  indicets  Ai  proler}ge^un 
ev  Ai  vauel  reprizented  bai  fti  letur  ovur  h\vi6  it  iz  plest.  ITis 
iz  a  simpl  and  scientific  sistem  ev  vauel  reprizente^un  hwid 
fuli  mits  fti  ricwairments  f6r  61  uturansez  ev  iti  vauelz.  It 
aidentifaiz  tti  cweliti  ev  fti  vauel  eliment  in  evri  silabl  and 
purmits  ev  fti  yus  ev  a  gretur  er  lesur  cwentiti  ev  fti  eliment 
bai  dif  urent  pursunz  wirtaut  cumburig  fti  alf  abet  wift  sainz  ftat 
wud  reprizent  §ed  saundz  onli. 


iTi  men  tigz-  tu  bi  attend  at  ftis  taim  ar:  1.  Tu  pies  in 
fti  handz  ev  tidurz  and  piupilz  in  fti  public  sculz  a  standard 
wurc  en  fti  subject  ev  hwid  ftis  buc  trits:  2.  Tu  put  in  fti 
sculz  an  aidial  alf  abet  fer  reprizentig  fti  saundz  ev  fti  Iggli§ 
laagwej:  3.  Tu  §o  ftat  denjez  in  curent  spelinz  wud  net  denj 
fti  Iggli^  laggwej  nor  distrei  its  historical  centiniuiti  . 


10  MOTT  'S  FONOLO JI 

PHONETIC  SPELLING. 


Phonetic  spelling,  if  used  in  all  school  books,  would  make 
the  acquisition  of  knowledge  by  children  a  pleasure  from  the 
day  of  their  entrance  at  school,  and  would  save  to  every  child 
the  time  now  required  to  memorize  the  spelling  and  the  pro- 
nunciation of  words  lettered  by  no  rule  whatever.  The  cur- 
rent spelling  is  not  sacred.  It  is  outrageous  and  is  but  one  of 
many  fashions  that  have  preceded  it.  It  is  hard  to  learn, 
harder  to  remember,  and  is  expensive  and  difficult  to  use.  It  is 
only  lack  of  business  enterprise  that  retains  spelling  that  re- 
quires the  use  of  the  letters  p-h  t-h-i-s,  in  the  order  given,  to 
spell  tiz — the  first  syllable  in  "p-h4-h-i-s-i-c",  which  to  the 
ear  is  tizic  and  to  the  eye  a  meaningless  array  of  letters  until 
the  pronunciation  is  learned. 

It  would  require  no  more  time  for  children  at  school  to 
learn  the  names  of  the  thirty-two  letters  of  the  Phonetic  Eng- 
lish Alphabet  and  the  sound  each  letter  represents,  than  it 
would  for  them  to  learn  the  names  of  thirty-two  of  their  school- 
mates and  to  recognize  each  at  sight.  A  child,  who  has  learned 
the  names  of  the  letters  and  the  sound  each  letter  represents, 
can  then  correctly  pronounce  any  word  lettered  by  the  letters 
of  this  alphabet,  fluently  and  intelligently  read  any  book  thus 
printed,  and  properly  letter  any  word  that  is  correctly  spoken 
in  his  presence.  The  use  of  this  alphabet  in  schools,  to  test 
pupils'  knowledge  of  orthoepy,  would  soon  cause  the  masses  to 
use  the  standard  pronunciation  of  our  language.  This  is  clear- 
ly indicated  in  the  four  American  dictionaries  in  which  every 
sound  in  any  word,  respelled  in  the  dictionaries,  is  indicated 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  11 

FONETIC  SPELID. 


Fonetic  spelii),  if  yuzd  in  61  scul  bucs,  wud  mec  iti  acwi- 
zis"un  ev  nelej  bed  dildren  a  plezur  from  iti  de  ev  ttar  entrans 
at  scul,  and  wudsevtu  evri  daildftitaimnan  ricwaird  ta  mem- 
oraiz  fti  spelig  and  Ai  pronunsies"un  ev  wurdz  leturd  bai  no 
riil  hwetevur  ITi  curent  spelii)  iz  net  secred.  It  iz  autrejus 
and  iz  but  wun  ev  meni  fa^unz  itat  h.av  pri  sided  it.  It  iz  hard 
tu  lurn,  hardur  tu  rimembur,  and  iz  ecspensiv  and  dificult  tu 
yuz .  It  iz  onli  lac  ev  biznes  enturpraiz  ttat  ritenz  spelig  itat 
ricwairz  iti  yus  ev  iti  leturz  p-h-t-h-i-s,  in  iti  6rdur  givn,  tu 
spel  tiz — iti  furst  silabl  in  "p-h-t-h-i-s-i-c",  hwid  tu  iti  ir  iz 
tizic  and  tu  iti  cri  a  minirjlea  arre  ev  leturz  until  iti  proiiun- 
sie^un  iz  lurnd. 

It  wud  ricwair  no  mor  taim  f 6r  children  at  scul  tu  lurn  iti 
nemz  ev  iti  lurti-tti  leturz  ev  Ai  Fonetic  Iggli^  Alfabet  and  iti 
saund  id  letur  reprizents,  itan  it  wud  f6r  ttem  tu  lurn  iti  nemz 
ev  turti-tu  ev  itar  sculmets  and  tu  recegncdz  16  at  sait,  CL 
daild,  hu  haz  lurnd  iti  nemz  ev  iti  leturz  and  iti  saund  i<5  letur 
reprizents,  can  iten  cerrectli  pronauns  eni  wurd  leturd  bai  iti 
leturz  ev  itis  alfabet,  fluentli  and  intelijentli  rid  eni  buc  itus 
printed,  and  prepurli  letur  eni  wurd  itat  iz  cerrectli  spocn  in 
hiz  prezens.  ITi  yus  ev  itis  alfabet  insculz,  tu  testpiupilz'  nel- 
ej  ev  drloepi,  wud  sun  c6z  iti  masez  tu  yuz  Ai  standard  pronun- 
sies"un  ev  aur  lai]gwej.  ffis  iz  clirli  indicated  in  iti  for  CLmeri- 
can  dic^uneriz  in  hwid  evri  saund  in  eni  wurd,  rispelt  in  iti 


12  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

by  a  sign  that,  wherever  found,  indicates  the  same  quality  and 
quantity  of  sound.  So  do  letters  in  phonetic  spelling,  where 
every  letter  represents  a  sound  to  be  voiced  in  its  place,  where 
every  letter  is  as  certain  in  reading  as  is  a  note  in  music  or  a 
Roman  numeral. 

It  requires  but  a  few  minutes' investigation  to  enable  any 
one  who  can  read  English  in  current  spelling  to  read  the  lan- 
guage in  truthful  spelling,  a  fact  that  can  be  proven  from  the 
pages  in  this  book.  Those  who  are  first  taught  to  read 
phonetic  print  can  be  taught  to  read  current  spelling  also  in 
much  less  time  than  is  now  required  to  learn  to  read  the  latter 
spelling  first.  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris,  Commissioner  of  Education, 
in  his  address  before  the  Spelling  Reform  Association,  at  St. 
Louis,  Jan.  17,  1878,  said:  "It  has  been  demonstrated  by  ac- 
tual experiment  that  children  will  learn  to  spell  the  English 
language  far  more  correctly,  and  in  one -half  the  time,  by  first 
learning  to  read  in  the  phonetic  way,  which  can  be  done  in  a 
few  days. ' ' 

There  is  no  valid  objection  to  phonetic  spelling,  except 
the  slight  inconvenience  of  changing,  always  inseparable  from 
improvement  in  any  department  in  the  affairs  of  life.  Partial 
investigation  only  is  generally  responsible  for  every  objection 
yet  offered  to  the  use  of  a  full  phonetic  alphabet  to  represent 
spoken  words;  to  the  use  of  an  invention  far  reaching  in  benef- 
icent effects  on  humanity  in  general.  As  stated  by  Professor 
W.  D.  Whitney,  of  Yale,  4  'Every  theoretical  and  practical  con- 
sideration makes  in  its  favor. ' ' 


AND  FONOTCUP.  13 

dic§uneriz,  iz  indicated  bed  a  sainitat,  hwarevur  f aund,  indicets 
iti  sem  cweliti  and  cwentiti  ev  saund.  So  du  leturz  in  fonetic 
spelig,  hwar  evri  letur  reprizents  a  saund  tu  bi  veist  in  its  pies, 
hwar  evri  letur  iz  az  surten  in  ridig  az  iz  a  not  in  miiizic  er  a 
Roman  niumural. 

It  ricwairz  but  a  fiu  minits'  investige^un  tu  enebl  eni 
wun  lift  can  rid  Iggli^  in  curent  spelig  tu  rid  tti  langwej  in 
trulful  spelig,  a  factitat  can  bi  pruvii  frem  iti  pejez  in  ttis  buc. 
iToz  hu  ar  fursl  tet  tu  rid  fonetic  print  can  bi  tet  tu  rid  curent 
spelig  elso  in  mud  les  taina  ftaii  iz  nau  ricwaircl  tu  lurn  tu  rid 
tti  latur  spelig  furst.  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris,  Cemmi&unur  ev  Eju- 
ce§un,  in  hiz  addres  bifor  tti  Spelig  Rif6rm  Assosie^un,  at  St. 
Louis,  Jan.  17,  1878,  sed:  4tlt  haz  bin  demenstreted  bai  actual 
ecsperiment  flat  dildren  wil  lurn  tu  spel  iti  Iggli^  laggwej  far 
mor  cerrectli,  and  in  wun  haf  iti  taim,  bai  furst  lurnig  tu  rid  in 
iti  fonetic  we,  hwid  can  bi  dun  in  a  fiu  dez. ' ' 


iTar  iz  no  valid  ebjecSun  tu  fonetic  spelig,  ecsept  iti  slait 
incenvinyens  ev  denjig,  61wez  in^eparabl  frem  irnpruvment  in 
eni  dipartinent  in  iti  affarz  ev  laif.  Par^al  investige^un  onli 
iz  jenurali  rispensibl  f6r  evri  ebjecsun  yet  efurd  tu  iti  yus  ev  a 
ful  fonetic  alfabet  tu  reprizent  spocn  wurdz;  tu  iti  yus  ev  an 
invenikrn  far  ricHg  in  binefisent  effects  enhiamaniti  in  jenural. 
Azsteted  bai  Profeser  W.  D.  Whitney,  ev  Yale,  "Evri  lio- 
reticol  and  practical  censidure^un  mecs  in  its  fever." 


14  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

THE  PHONETIC  ENGLISH  ALPHABET, 


The  Phonetic  English  Alphabet  is  a  labor  saving  inven- 
tion. It  was  an  exhibit  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
in  1893,  for  which  the  Author  was  awarded  highest  honors,  its 
Medal  and  Diploma,  and  also  a  Special  Diploma  by  its  Board 
of  Lady  Managers.  *It  was  also  an  exhibit  at  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion, 1900,  and  there  received  Honorable  Mention.  Since  1893, 
at  the  suggestion  of  eminent  scholars  and  advocates  of  spelling 
reform,  a  few  changes  have  been  made  in  the  forms  and  in  the 
rf  assignment  of  some  of  the  letters. 

This  alphabet  has  thirty-two  letters,  of  which  twenty-three 
are  from  the  English  alphabet,  three  are  modified  forms  of 
a,  o,  u,  and  six  are  modified  forms  of  consonant  letters  of  the 
English  alphabet  to  be  used,  if  preferred,  instead  of  the 
digraph  consonants  ch,  dh,  ng,  sh,  th,  zh. 

The  vowel  letters  are  those  of  the  Scientific  Alphabet, 
framed  in  1877  by  the  Committee  of  the  American  Philological 
Association,  who  gave  new  names  to  a,  e,  i,  u,  c,  g,  h,  w,  y, 
named  the  digraph  consonants,  gave  them  alphabetic  represen- 
tation, and  reported  that  "new  letters  would  be  desirable;  "but 
they  recommended  no  forms,  no  single  letter  then  proposed  for 
any  of  the  consonant  sounds,  without  representation  in  the 
English  alphabet,  being  acceptable;  which  action  has  been  ap- 
proved by  the  Spelling  Reform  Association  of  the  United 
States. 

Of  the  twenty -one  consonant  letters  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet, eighteen  are  retained  and  three  are  rejected;  k,  q,  and  x. 
The  letters  k  and  q  are  rejected,  because  when  not  silent  they 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  15 

KT  FONETIC  IDGLLfi.  ALFdBET. 


iTi  Fonetic  Irjgli^  Alf abet  iz  a  leber  sevig  invenskrn.  It  woz 
an  egzibit  at  Ai  Wurld'z  Columbian  Ecspozi^un,  in  1893,  for 
hwid  Ai  6ler  wez  awerded  haiest  enerz,  its  Medal  and  Diplo- 
ma, and  elso  a  Spe^al  Diploma  bai  its  Bord  ev  Ledi  Mana- 
jurz.  It  wez  elso  an  egzibit  at  iti  Paris  Eespoziskrn,  1900,  and 
Aar  risivd  Onerabl  Men^un.  Sins  1893,  at  Ai  sugjesdun  ev 
eminent  scelarz  and  advocets  ev  spelig  riferm,  a  fiu  denjez  hav 
bin  med  in  tti  f ormz  and  in  iti  assainments  ov  sum  0v  iti  leturz. 

iTis  alfabet  haz  turti-tu  leturz,  ev  hwid  twenti-tri  ar  frem 
iti  IrjgliS  alfabet,  tri  ar  medif aid  f ermz  ev  a,  o,  u,  and  sics  ar 
medifaid  fermz  ev  consonant  leturz  ev  iti  IggiiS  alfabet  tu  bi 
yuzd,  if  prifurd,  insted  ev  iti  daigraf  consonants  ch,  dh,  ng, 
sli,  th,  zh. 

iTivanel  leturz  ar  itozeviti  Saientifc  Alf  abet,  fremdin  1877 
bai  Ai  Cemmiti  ev  iti  Qmerican  Filolejical  AssosieSun,  M  gev 
niu  nemz  tu  a,  e,  i,  n,  c,  g,  h,  w,  y,  nemd  iti  daigraf  conso- 
nants, gev  item  alf abetic  reprizente^un,  and  riported  rtat  c'niu 
leturz  wud  bi  dizairabl;nbut  ite  recommended  no  f6rmz,  no  sin- 
gl  letur  Aen  propozd  f6r  eni  ev  iti  consonant  saundz,  wiitaut 
reprizente^un  in  iti  Iggli^  alfabet,  biig  acseptabl;  hwid  ac^un 
haz  bin  appruvd  bai  Ai  Spelig  Riferin  Assosie§un  ev  iti 
Yunaited  Stets. 

Ov  Ai  twenti-wun  consonant  leturz  ev  Ai  Iggli§  alf  abet,  etin 
ar  ritend  and  tri  ar  rijected;  k,  q,  andx.  H"i  leturz  k  andqarri- 


16  MOTT'S  FON6LOJI 

have  the  sound  of  c,  and  x  is  rejected,  because  when  not  silent 
it  has  the  sound  of  cs,  gz,  or  z. 

The  prolongation  of  a  vowel  sound  is  indicated  by  the  cir- 
cumflex placed  on  a  vowel  letter.  By  this  simple  device  the 
quantity  of  any  vowel  element  is  indicated  to  the  reader.  In 
ordinary  print  it  is  not  necessary  to  designate  prolongation  of 
vowel  sounds,  except  of  i  (ee)  and  e  (ay),  and  occasionally  of 
e  (awe)  and  u  (oo). 

The  order  of  the  letters,  their  assignments,  and  their  names 
are  approved  by  the  philologists,  and  with  or  without  the  new 
consonant  letters  this  alphabet  is  in  harmony  with  the  recom- 
mendations of  the  American  Philological  Association.  With 
its  thirty-two  letters  and  the  circumflex  it  is  a  scientific  and 
an  ideal  alphabet  for  the  English  language,  and  can  be  used 
to  letter  the  words  of  other  modern  languages. 

The  new  letters  are  not  interlopers  in  the  alphabet,  out  of 
place  in  a  font  of  Roman  type.  They  are  clear  in  outline, 
legible  in  type  and  in  print;  are  clean  press  letters,  and  are  re- 
quired to  complete  the  English  alphabet. 

The  printed  page  does  not  look  much  different  from  that 
in  current  spelling.  The  greater  difference  in  its  appearance 
is  from  dropping  from  words  useless  letters  and  from  the  con- 
sistent use  of  the  letters,  which  difference  is  an  improvement, 
resulting  from  change  from  incorrect  to  correct  spelling  for  the 
English  language. 


AND   FONOTQIP  17 

jected,  bicez  hwen  net  salient  Ae  hav  Ai  saund  ev  c,  and  x  iz 
rijected,  bicez- hwen  net  salient  it  haz  Ai  saund  ev  cs  gz,  6r  z. 
IT!  prolenge^un  ev  a  vauel  saund  iz  indicated  bai  Ai  sur- 
cumflecs  plest  en  a  vauel  letur.  Bai  Ais  sinapl  divais  iti  cwen- 
titi  ev  eni  vauel  eliment  iz  indicated  tu  Ai  ridur.  In  erdineri 
print  it  iz  net  neseseri  tu  designet  prolenge^un  ev  vauel  saundz, 
ecsept  ev  i  (i)  and  e  (e),  and  eccezunali  ev  e  (6)  and  u  (u). 

ITi  6rdur  ev  Ai  leturz,  itar  assainments,  and  ftar  nemz  ar 
appruvd  bai  Ai  filelojists,  and  wiA  6r  wiAaut  Ai  niu  censonant 
leturz  Ais  alfabet  iz  in  harmoni  wiA  Ai  recemmende§unz  ev  Ai 
CLmerican  Filolejical  Assosie^un.  WiA  its  lurti-tu  leturz  and 
Ai  surcumflecs  it  iz  a  saientific  and  an  aidial  alfabet  f6r  Ai 
Ii)gli§  laggwej,  and  can  bi  yiizd  tu  letur  Ai  wurdz  ev  uAur 
medurn  laggwejez. 

fl"i  niu  leturz  ar  net  inturlopurz  in  Ai  alfabet,  aut  ev  pies 
in  a  fent  ev  Roman  taip.  iTe  ar  clir  in  autlain,  lejibl  in  taip 
and  in  print;  or  clin  pres  leturz,  and  ar  ricwaird  tu  cemplit  Ai 
Iijgli§  alfabet. 

ITi  printed  pej  duz  net  luc  mud  dif urent  f rem  Aatnrcurent 
spelin.  iTi  gretur  difurens  in  its  appirans  iz  frem  drepii)  frem 
wurdz  yiisles  leturz  and  frem  Ai  consistent  yus  ev  Ai  leturz, 
hwid  difurens  iz  an  impruvment,  rizultig  frem  denj  frem  incor- 
rect tu  correct  spelig  for  Ai  Ii)gli§  laggwej. 


18  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

NAMES  OF  THE  VOWEL  LETTERS. 


The  name  of  any  vowel  letter  is  the  full  sound  of  the  ele- 
ment it  is  assigned  to  represent.  The  brief  and  full  sound  of 
the  same  vowel  has  the  same  name  in  spelling,  but  is  pro- 
nounced, brief  or  full,  according  to  the  quantity  of  the  element 
used  in  the  syllable. 

NAMES  OF  THE  CONSONANT   LETTERS. 


The  name  of  any  consonant  letter  is  the  sound  of  the  ele- 
ment it  is  assigned  to  represent,  followed  or  preceded  by  a 
particular  vowel  sound,  but  not  the  same  vowel  sound  for  each 
letter.  The  names  of  the  consonant  letters  are  given  on  the 
charts  of  the  alphabet.  See  pp.  6  and  7. 

RULE  FOR  SPELLING. 


To  spell:— Name  in  their  proper   order  the  letters,  the 
sounds  of  which  are  heard  when  a  syllable  or  word  is  correctly 

spoken.     Examples: — Bi-i-en  bin  (been) 

bi-i-en  bin  (bean) 

bi-u-ef  buf  (buff) 

hi-u-ar  hur  (her) 

dr-6-dr  r6r  (roar) 

ti-u-ii)  tug  (tongue) 

di-e-es  des  (chase) 

Ai-6-zi  Adz  (those) 

gi-i-es  gis  (geese) 

i§-i-pi  s"ip  (ship) 

il-oi  loi  (thigh) 


AND  FONOTdlP.  19 

N£MZ  0V  ITI  VQUEL  LETURZ. 


iTi  nem  ev  eni  vauel  letur  iz  iti  ful  saund  ev  Ai  eliment  it 
iz  assaind  tu  reprizent.  iTi  brif  and  ful  saund  ev  iti  sem  vau- 
el haz  iti  sem  nem  in  spelin,  but  iz  pronaunst,  brif  6r  ful,  ac- 
cerdig  tu  iti  cwentiti  ev  iti  eliment  yuzd  in  iti  silabl. 

N£MZ  ov  sri  coNsoisraNT  LETURZ 


iTi  nem  ev  eni  censonant  letur  iz  £ti  saund  ev  fti  eliment 
it  iz  assaind  tu  reprizent,  felod  er  prisided  bai  a  particyular 
vauel  saund,  but  net  iti  sem  vauel  saund  f6r  i<3  letur.  ffi  nemz 
ev  iti  censonant  leturz  ar  givn  en  iti  darts  ev  iti  alfabet.  Si 
pp0  6  and  7. 

RUL  F6R  SPELID. 


Tu  spel: — Nem  in  itar  prepur  erdur  iti  leturz,  rti  saundz  ev 
ar  hurd  hwen  a  silabl  6r  wurd  iz  cerrectli  spocn.     Egzam- 

plz:—  Bi-i  (bi)  el-i-vi  (liv)  bi-liv'  (be-lieve') 

bi-a-irj-ci  bane  (bank) 

es-i-ii)  sig  (sing) 

es-i-ig-ci  sine  (sink) 

es-i-en  sin  (sin) 

es-i-en  sin  (seen) 

pi-d-es-ti  past  (past) 

wu-u-di  wud  (wood) 

yi-i-dr  yir  (year) 

wu-e-el  wel  (wall) 

dr-u-zi  ruz  (rouge) 


20  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

THE  SOUNDS  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


In  the  English  language  there  are  thirty -two  elementary 
sounds.  Of  this  number  eight  are  vowel  sounds  and  twenty  - 
four  are  consonant  sounds.  Vowel  elements  are  prolonged  in 
some  syllables  and  words,  and  in  some  syllables  a  vowel  sound 
is  followed  by  another  vowel  sound,  forming  a  diphthong,  of 
which  there  are  four. 


DEFINITION  OF  VOWEL  SOUNDS. 


Vowel  sounds  are  the  most  open,  resonant,  and  continuable 
sounds  uttered  by  the  human  voice;  voice  sounds  issuing  from 
the  mouth  clear  and  free;  sounds  in  which  the  element  of  tone, 
modified  and  differentiated  by  positions  of  mouth  organs  (lips 
tongue  and  palate),  iz  predominant;  sounds  that  can  be  uttered 
alone,  as  a,  e,  o,  in  am,  end,  omit.  They  are  tone  sounds,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  fricative,  in  which  rustling  of  breath  between 
closely  approximated  organs  is  the  predominant  element;  and  as 
distinguished  from  a  mute,  in  which  the  explosion  of  a  closure 
is  the  characteristic. 

DEFINITION  OF  CONSONANT  SOUNDS. 


Consonant  sounds  are  those  sounds  which,  in  speech,  are 
heard  only  in  connection  with  a  vowel.   The  name  "consonant 


AND   FONOTCLIP.  21 

ffl  SdUNDZ  OV  HI  IDGLLfi.  LADGWEJ. 


In  iti  Iggli^  langwej  itar  ar  turti-tu  elimentari  saundz. 
Ov  itis  numbur  et  ar  vauel  saundz  and  twenti-for  ar  consonant 
saundz.  Vauel  eliments  ar  prolorjd  in  sum  silablz  and  wurdz, 
and  in  sum  silablz  a  vauel  saund  iz  folod  bai  anuitur  vauel 
saund,  f6rmii)  a  diften,  ov  hwic1  itar  ar  for. 


DEFINIRUN  OV  VQUEL  SQUNDZ. 


Vauel  saundz  ar  iti  most  opn,  rezonant,  and  continyuabl 
saundz  uturd  bai  iti  hiuman  vois;  vois  saundz  is"ftii)  from  iti 
maut  clir  and  f ri ;  saundz  in  hwid  iti  eliment  ov  ton,  modif aid 
and  difurensleted  bai  pozi^unz  ov  maut  organz  (lips,  tug,  and 
palet),  iz  pridominant;  saundz  itat  can  bi  uturd  alon,  az  a,  e, 
o,  in  am,  end,  omit.  iTe  ar  ton  saundz,  az  distingwis"t  from  a 
fricativ,  in  hwic1  ruslirj  ov  bret  bitwin  closli  approcsimeted  6r- 
ganz  iz  iti  pridominant  eliment;  and  az  distiggwis't  from  a  miut, 
in  hwid  iti  ecsplozun  ov  a  clozur  iz  iti  caracturistic. 


OV  CONSONCLNT  SQUNDZ. 


Consonant  saundz  aritoz  saundz  hwic1,  in  spic1,  ar  hurdonli 
in  connec^un  wift  a  vauel.  ITi  nem  "consonant"  (Lat.  con,  "tu- 


22  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

(Lat.  con,  4 'together "— sono,  "sound")  was  given  to  indicate 
that  the  sound  thus  named  could  not  be  voiced  alone,  but  only 
together  with  some  vowel;  p,  b,  t,  d,  are  letters  that  represent 
consonant  sounds . 

The  Century  Dictionary  defines  a  consonant  sound  as:— 
"An  alphabetic  element  other  than  a  vowel;  one  of  the 
closer,  less  resonant  and  continuable,  of  the  sounds  making  up 
a  spoken  alphabet;  an  articulate  utterance  which  is  combined, 
to  form  a  syllable,  with  another  opener  utterance  called  a  vowel. 
Consonants  are  the  closer,  and  vowels  the  opener,  of  the  sounds 
that  make  up  the  alphabetic  scale  or  system  of  a  language. 
But  there  is  no  absolute  line  of  distinction  between  the  two 
classes;  and  the  openest  of  the  consonants  may  be  and  are  used 
as  vowels  also.  Thus,  the  same  1  sound  is  consonant  in  apply, 
and  vowel  in  apple;  n  is  consonant  in  burned,  but  vowel  in 
burden;  and  in  some  languages,  as  Sanskrit  and  Polish,  r  is 
much  used  as  a  vowel.  On  the  other  hand  y  and  w  are  hardly, 
if  at  all,  distinguishable  from  ee  and  oo.  Such  consonants,  as 
standing  near  the  boundary  between  consonant  and  vowel,  are 
often  called  semivowels  (also  liquids.)  According  to  their 
degree  of  closeness,  consonants  are  divided  into  mutes  (or  stops, 
or  checks,  or  explosives),  as  b  and  p,  which  involve  a  complete 
cutting  off  of  the  passage  of  the  breath;  fricatives  (spirants,  and 
sibilants,  etc.),  as  th  and  dh  (¥h),  f  and  v,  s  and  z,  in  which  a 
rustling  or  friction  of  the  breath  through  a  nearly  closed  posi- 
tion of  the  organs  is  the  conspicuous  element;  nasals,  as  n,  m, 
and  ng,  accompanied  with  admission  of  the  intonated  breath  to 
the  nose  and  its  resonance  there;  and  semivowel  or  liquid  sounds, 
as  already  illustrated.  According  to  the  organs  used  in  pro- 
ducing them,  they  are  divided  into  labials,  made  with  the  lips, 
as  p,  b,  f,  v,  m;  dentals  or  linguals,  made  with  the  tip  of  the 


AND   FONOTQIP.  23 

geitur" — sono,  "saund")  woz  givn  tu  indicet  itat  iti  saund 
itus  nemd  cud  net  bi  voist  alon,  but  onli  tugeitur  wiit  sum 
vauel;  p,  b,  t,  d,  ar  leturz  flat  reprizent  consonant  saundz. 

iTi  Century  Dic^uneri  difainz  a  consonant  saund  az: — 
"An  alfabetic  elimeiit  uitur  itan  a  vauel;  wun  ev  iti  closur, 
les  rezonant  and  centinyuabl,  ev  tti  saundz  mecig  up  a  spocn 
alfabet;  an  articyulet  uturans  hwid  iz  combaind,  tu  form  a  sil- 
abl,  wiit  anuitur  opnur  uturans  cold  a  vauel.  Consonants 
ar  tti  closur,  and  vauelz  iti  opnur,  ov  iti  saundz  itat  mec  up  iti 
alfabetic  seel  or  sistem  ov  a  laggwej.  But  itar  iz  no  absoliut 
]ain  ov  distigc^un  bitwin  Ai  tu  clasez;  and  rti  opnest  ov  iti 
consonants  me  bi  and  ar  yiizd  az  vauelz  olso.  iTus,  iti  sem  1 
saund  iz  consonant  in  applai,  and  vauel  in  apl;  n  iz  consonant 
in  burnd,  but  vauel  in  burdn;  and  in  sum  larjgwejez,  az  San- 
scrit and  Polish,  r  iz  mud  yuzd  az  a  vauel.  On  iti  uitur  hand  y 
and  w  ar  hardli,  if  at  61,  distirjgwi^abl  from  i  and  u.  Sud  con- 
sonants, az  standig  nir  di  baundari  bitwin  consonant  and 
vauel,  ar  ofn  c61d  semi  vauelz  (61so  licwidz).  Acc6rdig  tu  itar 
digri  ov  closnes,  consonants  ar  divaided  intu  mints  (or  stops, 
or  decs,  or  ecsplosivz),  az  b  and  p,  hwid  involv  a  complit  cutig 
of  ov  iti  pasej  ovtti  bret ;  fricativz  (spairants  and  sibilants,  ets.), 
az  I  and  ft,  f  and  v,  s  and  z,  in  hwid  a  ruslii)  6r  fric^un  ovAi  brel 
Iru  a  nirli  clozd  pozi^un  ov  iti  6rganz  iz  iti  conspicyuus  eli- 
ment;  nezalz,  az  n,  m,  and  n,  accumpanid  wiit  admi^un  ov  iti 
intoneted  bret  tu  iti  iioz  and  its  rezonans  itar;  and  semivauelor 
licwid  saundz,  az  olredi  illustreted.  Accordii)  tuiti  6rganz  yiizd 
in  prodiusii)  item,  ite  ar  divaided  intu  lebialz,.  med  wiit  iti  lips, 
az  p,  b,  f,  v,  m;  dentalz  6r  lirjgwalz,  med  wiit  iti  tip  ov  iti  tug 


24  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

tongue  at  or  near  the  teeth,  as  t,  d,  th,  dh  (TH),  n;  palatals  or 
gutturals,  made  with  the  back  of  the  tongue,  as  k,  g,  ng;  and 
some  languages  have  various  other  classes.  Then,  according 
as  they  are  made  with  simple  breath,  or  with  breath  vocalized 
or  made  sonant  in  the  larynx,  they  are  divided  into  surd  or 
breathed,  as  p,  t,  f,  s,  etc.,  and  sonant  or  voiced  or  vocal,  as  b, 
d,  v,  z,  etc.  (sometimes  wrongly  distinguished  as  hard  and 
soft,  as  strong  and  weak,  as  sharp  and  flat,and  so  on). " 

BRIEF  AND  FULL  VOWELS. 


In  speech  a  vowel  sound  is  sometimes  uttered  briefly,  and 
when  so  uttered  is  termed  the  brief  sound;  at  other  times  it  is 
prolonged  in  speech,  and  when  so  uttered  it  is  termed  the  full 
sound.  The  difference  in  the  quantity  of  a  vowel  element  used 
in  different  syllables  should  be  designated  in  dictionaries  and 
in  school  readers,  that  the  reader  may  know,  at  sight  of  a  word, 
the  quantity  as  well  as  the  quality  of  every  vowel  to  be  voiced 
in  reading;  but  in  ordinary  print  it  is  not  necessary  in  every 
instance  to  designate  the  quantity  of  the  vowel  element  used. 

The  terms  "short"  and  ''long",  as  ordinarily  used,  do  not 
refer  to  sounds  of  the  same  quality,  therefore,  to  prevent  con- 
fusion, they  are  not  used  in  this  work  to  designate  the  brief  and 
full  sound  of  the  same  vowel  element. 

DIPHTHONGS. 


When  a  vowel  sound  is  followed  by  another  in  the  same  syl- 
lable these  united  vowel  sounds  are  termed  a  diphthong,  each 


AND  FONOTQIP.  25 

at  6r  nir  iti  trt,  az  t,  d,  t,  it,  11;  palatalz  er  guturalz,  med  wift 
Ai  bac  ev  iti  tug,  az  c,  g,  g;  and  sum  laggwejez  hav  verius  uitur 
clasez.  fTen,  accerdig  az  ite  ar  med  wiit  simpl  bret,  6r  wift  bret 
vocalaizd  6r  med  sonant  in  iti  larigcs,  ite  ar  divaided  intn  surd 
6r  briitd,  az  p,  t,  f ,  s,  ets. ,  and  sonant  6r  veist  6r  vocal,  az  b,  d, 
v,  z,  ets.  (sumtaimz  regli  distiggwi^t  az  hard  and  soft,  az  streg 
and  wic,  az  Sarp  and  flat,  and  so  en).  " 


BElF  AND  FUL  VQUELZ. 


In  spid  a  vauel  saund  iz  sumtaimz  uturd  brifli,  and  hwen 
so  uturd  iz  turmd  Ai  brif  saund;  at  uitur  taimz  it  iz  prolegd  in 
spid,  and  hwen  so  uturd  it  iz  turmd  tti  f ul  saund.  cTi  difurens 
in  iti  cwentiti  ev  a  vauel  eliment  yuzd  in  difurent  silablz  §ud 
bi  designated  in  dic^uneriz  and  in  scul  ridurz,  itat  iti  ridur 
me  no,  at  sait  ev  a  wurd,  iti  cwentiti  az  wel  az  iti  cweliti  ev 
evri  vauel  tu  bi  veist  in  ridig;  but  in  6rdineri  print  it  iz  net 
neseseri  in  evri  instans  tu  designet  iti  cwentiti  ev  iti  vauel  eli- 
ment yuzd. 

ffi  turmz  "3ert"  and  "leg,"  az  erdinerili  yuzd,  du  net 
rifur  tu  saundz  ev  iti  sem  cweliti,  itarfor,  tu  privent  cenfiuzun, 
ite  ar  net  yuzd  in  itis  wurc  tu  designet  iti  brif  and  f  ul  saund  ev 
iti  sem  vauel  elime'nt. 

DIFT0DZ. 


Hwen  a  vauel  saund  iz  felod  bai  anuitur  in  iti  sem  silabl 
itiz  yunaited  vauel  saundz  ar  turmd  a  dif  teg,  idelinientevhwid 


26  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

element  of  which  should  be  represented  by  its  own  letter  instead 
of  representing  a  diphthong  by  a  single  letter  as  is  frequently 
done  in  current  English  spelling,  as  in  "vine, "  "my,"  "mute," 
and  in  respellings  of  some  of  the  dictionaries.  The  diphthongs 
of  the  English  language  are  heard  in  the  following  words: 
mind,  mound,  mute,  moist.  There  are  no  triphthongs  in  the 
English  language. 


REPRESENTATION  OF  THE  SOUNDS. 


The  sounds  of  the  English  language  are  represented  in 
current  spelling  by  the  letters  of  the  English  alphabet  so  used 
as  to  necessitate  registering  words  in  dictionaries  for  identifica- 
tion, the  memorizing  of  the  spelling  or  lettering  of  every  word, 
and  its  pronunciation.  In  dictionaries  and  in  many  school- 
books,  enlarged  alphabets  are  used  to  identify  words.  Each 
author  or  publisher  uses  the  alphabet  of  his  choice,  and  in 
nearly  every  instance,  if  not  in  every  one,  alphabetic  law  is 
violated.  In  this  work  the  letters  of  the  Phonetic  English 
Alphabet  are  used  to  indicate  correct  pronunciation  and  to 
illustrate  phonetic  spelling,  in  which  each  letter  is  a  symbol  of 
a  sound  to  be  voiced  in  its  place,  and  the  same  letter  always 
represents  the  same  sound  or  element. 

The  English  language  thus  represented  would  soon  become 
the  diplomatic  language  of  the  world,  if  not  a  universal  lan- 
guage, and  spelling,  as  a  school  study,  could  be  abolished. 


AND    FONOTdlP.  27 

bi  reprizented  bai  its  on  letur  insted  ev  reprizentig  a  dif- 
teg  bai  a  siggl  letur  az  iz  fricwentli  dun  in  curent  Iggli3  spelig, 
az  in  "vine,"  "my,"  "mute,"  and  in  rispeligz  ev  sum  ev  tti 
dic^uneriz.  ITi  dif legz  ev  fti  Irgli§  laggwej  ar  hurd  in  tti  f  eloig 
wurdz:  maind,  maund,  niiut,  meist.  ITar  ar  no  triftegz  in  iti 
laggwej. 


REPRIZENTERUN  OV  ffl  SQUNDZ. 


S1!  saundz  ev  fti  Ingli^  laggwej  ar  reprizented  in  curent 
spelig  bai  cti  leturz  ev  Ai  Ii)gli§  alf abet  so  yiizd  az  tu  nisesitet 
rejisturig  wurdz  in  dic^uneriz  f 6r  aidentif ice^un,  iti  memoraizig 
ev  tti  spelig  er  leturig  ev  evri  wurd,  and  its  pronunsies'un.  In 
dic^uneriz  and  in  mem  sculbucs,  enlarjd  alf  abets  ar  yiizd  tu 
aidentifai  wurdz.  Id  eter  6r  publi^ur  yuzez  iti  alf  abet  ev  hiz 
£eis,  and  in  nirli  evri  instans,  if  net  in  evri  wun,  alfabetic  16 
iz  vaioleted.  In  Ms  wurc  tti  leturz  ev  tti  Fonetic  Igglis*  Alfa- 
bet  ar  yuzd  tu  indicet  correct  pronunsie^un  and  tu  illustret 
fonetic  spelig,  in  kwid  16  letur  iz  a  simbel  ev  a  saund  tu  bi 
veist  in  its  pies,  and  tti  sem  letur  61wez  reprizents  tti  sem  saund 
6r  eliment. 

H?i  Iggli3  laggwej  ftus  reprizented  wud  sun  bicumfti  diplo- 
matic laggwej  ev  fti  wurld,  if  net  a  yunivursal  laggwej,  and 
spelig,  az  a  scul  studi,  cud  bi  abelis"t. 


28  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  VOWEL  SOUNDS. 


The  following  diagram  is  presented  to  facilitate- compre- 
hension of  the  position  of  the  mouth  organs  while  uttering  the 
different  vowel  sounds.  Its  value  for  this  purpose  will  be  read- 
ily seen  after  having  read  the  definition  of  the  two  classes  of 
vowel  sounds,  in  relation  to  their  utterance,  namely: 

1.  Fronted  and  Eaised  vowels; 

2.  Rounded  vowels. 

DIAGRAM  OF  VOWEL  UTTERANCE. 

y — consonant. 


ade6o6uduu     w — consonant. 


COGNATE  SOUNDS. 
Full  sounds  i,   e,  a,   ft,  6,  6,  u,  u. 


Brief  sounds  i,  e,  a,  a,   e,  o,  u,  u. 


AND  FONOTCLIF.  29 

QNALISIS  OV  ETI  VCLIIEL  SdUNDZ. 


iTi  f eloii)  daiagram  iz  prizented  tu  fasilitet  cemprihen^un 
ev  fti  pozi^un  ev  tti  maut  erganz;  hwail  uturing  tti  difurent 
vauel  saundz.  Its  valyii  f6r  Ais  purpcrs  wil  bi  redili  sin  aftur 
havig  red  iti  defini^un  e>v  fti  tu  clasez  ev  vauel  saundz,  in 
rileshm  tu  ftar  uturans,  nemli: 

1.  Frunted  and  Rezd  vauelz: 

2.  Raunded  vauelz. 

DCLICLGHAM  OV  VQUEL  UTURQNS. 


y— consonant. 

i 


6     o     6     u     ft     u    u    w — consonant. 

C0GN£T  SQUNDZ. 

Brif  saundz     i,  e,  a,  a,  e,  o,  u,  u. 
Ful  saundz     i,  e,  a,  d,  6,  6,  u,  u. 


30  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

FRONTED  AND  RAISED  VOWELS. 


Begin  to  pronounce  the  word  ah,  and,  while  uttering  a 
continuous  vowel  sound,  gradually  raise  the  front  part  of  the 
tongue  to  the  position  required  to  produce  the  sound  oi  i  (ee)  in 
police.  In  doing  this  a  series  of  vowel  sounds  is  produced  and 
as  indicated  by  the  letters  a  (ah)  to  i  (ee)  in  the  vertical  line 
of  letters  of  the  diagram  of  vowel  utterance,  which  sounds  are 
as  follows:  1,  a  (ah)  in  above;  2,  d  (ah)'inarm;  3,  a  (a(z>))  in  am; 
4,  a  (a(z>))  in  air;  5,  e  (ay)  in  end;  6,  e  (ay)  in  obey;  7,  i  (ee)  in 
ill;  8,  i  (ee)  in  police.  This  utterance  of  the  vowel  sounds  is 
termed  Fronting  and  Raising,  as  it  involves  the  act  of  raising 
the  tongue;  and  since  raising  the  tongue  decreases  the  air  pas- 
sage above  it,  a  vowel  that  is  higher  in  this  scale  of  vowel 
utterance,  than  another,  is  said  to  be  more  close  or  less  open; 
one  that  is  lower  in  the  scale  is  said  to  be  more  open  or  not  as 
close.  The  i  (ee)  in  police  is  the  closest  vowel  of  the  Fronted 
andRaised  vowels  and  readily  passes  into  the  sound  of  y  (yee), 
heard  in  ye,  year,  etc.,  a  consonant  sound. 


ROUNDED   VOWELS. 


Begin  to  pronounce  the  word  ah,  and  while  uttering  a 
continuous  vowel  sound,  round  the  lips  to  the  position  required 
to  produce  the  sound  of  ft  (oo)  in  rule.  In  doing  this  a  series 
of  vowel  sounds  is  produced  and  in  the  order  indicated  by  the 
letters  a  (ah)  to  ft  (oo)  in  the  horizontal  line  of  letters  of  the  dia- 


AND   FONOTQIP.  31 

FRUNTED  AND  R&ZD  VQUELZ. 


Bigin  tu  pronauns  iti  wurd  ah,  and,  hwail  uturig  acontin- 
yuus  vauel  saund,  grajtiali  rez  iti  frunt  part  ev  iti  tug  tu  fti 
pozishm  ricwaird  tu  prodius  fti  saund  ev  i  in  polis.  In  duii] 
rtis  a  siriz  ev  vauel  saundz  iz  prodiust  and  az  indicated  bai  fti 
leturz  a  tu  i  in  iti  vurtical  lain  ev  leturz  in  iti  daiagram  ev 
vauel  uturans,  hwic1  saundz  ar  az  feloz:  1,  a.  in  abuv;  2,  a  in  arm; 
3,  a  in  am;  4,  a  in  ar;  5,  e  in  end;  6,  e  in  obe;  7,  i  in  il;  8,  i  in 
polis.  ITis  uturans  ev  iti  vauel  saundz  iz  turmd  Fruntii)  and 
Reziij,  az  it  invelvz  iti  act  ev  rezii)  iti  tug;  and  sins  rezii)  di  tui) 
dicrisez  iti  ar  pasej  abuv  it,  a  vauel  itat  iz  haiur  in  itis  seel  ev 
vauel  uturans,  itan  anuitur,  iz  sed  tu  bi  mor  clos  6r  les  opn; 
wun  itat  iz  lour  in  iti  seel  iz  sed  tu  bi  mor  opn  er  net  az  clos. 
ITi  i  in  polis  iz  iti  closest  vauel  ev  iti  Frunted  and  Rezd  vauelz 
and  redili  pasez  inta  iti  saund  ev  y  (yi),  hurd  in  yi,  yir,  etsM 
a  consonant  saund. 


RQUNDED  VQUELZ. 


Bigin  tu  pronauns  iti  wurd  ah,  and  hwail  uturirj  a  cen- 
tinyuus  vauel  saund,  raund  iti  lips  tu  iti  pozis"un  ricwaird  tu 
prodius  iti  saund  ev  u  in  rtiL  In  duii)  itis  a  siriz  ev  vauel 
saundz  iz  prodiust  and  in  iti  erdur  iridiceted  bai  iti  leturz  a  tu 
u  in  iti  herizental  lain  ev  leturz  ev  iti  daiagram  ev  vauel  utur- 


S3  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

gram  of  vowel  utterance,  which,  sounds  are  as  follows:  1,  a  (ah) 
in  above;  2,  OL  (ah)  in  arm;  3,  e  (awe)  in  not;  4,  6  (awe)  in 
nor;  5,  o  (oh)  in  omit;  6,  6  (oh)  in  old;  7,  u  (u(r))  in  hut; 
8,  u  (u(r))  in  hurt;  9,  u(oo)  in  pull;  10,  u  (oo)  in  rule.  This 
utterance  of  vowel  sounds  is  termed  Bounding,  and  since 
rounding  brings  the  lips  nearer  together,  a  vowel  that  is  rounded 
is  said  to  be  closer  or  less  open  than  one  that  is  not  rounded. 
tl  (oo)  in  rule  is  the  closest  vowel  of  the  Rounded  vowels  and 
freely  passes  into  the  sound  of  w  (woo),  heard  in  woo,  will,  etc., 
a  consonant  sound. 

The  complete  vowel  scale  is  shown  in  the  following  diagram 
of  vowel  utterances  which  will  be  found  to  be  very  useful  in 
drill  work. 


DIAGRAM  OF  SERIAL  VOWEL  UTTERANCE. 


In  teaching  the  vowel  sounds,  pupils  should  be  required  to 
give  them  in  pairs  as  indicated,  brief  and  full,  and  fall  and 
brief.  This  method  will  force  pupils  to  see  that  full  sounds  are 
developed  from  the  brief  sounds.  They  should  also  be  required 
to  utter  all  of  the  vowel  sounds  in  one  continuous  series  of 
sounds,  beginning  with  i  (ee)  and  ending  with  u  (oo).  Concert 
and  individual  drills  should  be  frequent 


AND     FONOTQIP.  33 

cms,  hwic*  saundz  ar  az  feloz:  1,  QL  in  abuv;  2,  GL  in  drm;  3,  6  in 
net;  4,  6  in  ner;  5,  6  in  omit;  6,  6  in  did;  7,  u  in  hut;  8,  u  in 
hurt;  9,  u  in  pul;  10,  u  in  rul.  ITis  uturans  ev  vanel  sanndz 
iz  turmd  Raundirj,  and  sins  raundig  brigz  fti  lips  nirur  tugeitur, 
a  vanel  itat  iz  raunded  iz  sed  tu  bi  closur  6r  les  opn  itan  wun 
itat  iz  net  raunded.  tl  in  rul  iz  iti  closest  vauel  ev  iti  Raunded 
vauelz  and  frili  pasez  intu  tti  saund  ev  w  (wu),  hurd  in  wu, 
wil,  ets.,  a  consonant  saund. 


ITi  cemplit  vauel  seel  iz  §on  in  iti  f  eloig  daiagram  ev  vauel 
uturansez  hwic1  wil  bi  faund  tu  bi  veri  yusful  in  dril  wurc. 


DaiQGRAM  0V  SIRIQL  VQUEL  UTURdNS. 


e       a      aa       ae6o6uuuu 
12  3  4567  N8 

In  tidii)  iti  vauel  saundz,  piupilz  3ud  bi  ricwaird  tu  giv 
item  in  parz  az  indicated,  brif  and  ful,  and  ful  and  brif.  iTis 
meted  wil  f ors  piupilz  tu  si  itat  ful  saundz  ar  divelupt  frem  iti 
brif  saundz.  ITe  §ud  elso  bi  ricwaird  tu  utur  61  ev  iti  vauel 
saundz  in  wun  centinyuus  siriz  ev  saundz,  biginig  wiit  i  and 
endirj  wiit  u.  Censurt  and  individual  drilz  §ud  bi  frjcwent. 


34  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

In  the  diagrams  of  vowel  utterance  given  on  preceding 
pages,  the  neutral  vowel  has  the  position  given  it  by  the  Amer- 
ican Philological  Association.  (1  is  made  the  medial  point, 
passing  in  one  direction  to  i  and  in  the  other  to  u. 

The  Author  has  long  been  of  the  opinion  that  the  neutral 
vowel  should  be  made  the  medial  point.  It  belongs  as  much 
to  one  class  of  vowels  as  to  the  other. 

The  following  diagram  shows  the  neutral  vowel  at  the  me- 
dial point,  the  Fronted  and  Raised  vowels  (those  produced 
by  depressing  the  root  of  the  tongue  and  raising  its  middle 
front),  the  Rounded  vowels  (those  produced  by  raising  the 
back  part  of  the  tongue  and  rounding  the  lips),  and  has  key 
words  which  show  the  quality  of  each  vowel  sound  of  the 
English  language,  and  how  used  (brief  or  full)  in  speech. 

FRONTED  ROUNDED 

AND  RAISED  VOWELS.  VOWELS. 

yee  y — consonant.      w — consonant.         woo 

eel  i  u  rule 

ill  i  u  pull 

6  old 

eight  e  ., 

o  o-mit 

end  e  6  orb 

air  a  o  odd 

d  alms 

am  a 

a  ask 

urge  u         u  urge 

up  u  up 

Key  words.       Medial  point.  Key  words. 

This  classification  of  the  vowels  is  fully  sustained  by 
Professor  W.  D.  Whitney  in  his  report  on  '  'Observations  on 
vowel  utterance  by  A.  Schnyder, "  given  in  full  in  the  Appen- 


AND     FONOTdlP. 


35 


In  Ai  daiagramz  ev  vauel  uturans  givn  en  prisidii)  pejez, 
Ai  niutral  vauel  haz  Ai  pozi^uii  givn  it  bed  Ai  CLmerican  Filo- 
lojical  Assosie^un.  Q  iz  med  Ai  midial  point,  pasirj  in  wun 
directsuii  tu  i  and  in  Ai  uAur  tu  u. 

ITi  Oter  haz  leg  bin  ev  Ai  opinyun  itat  cti  niutral  vauel 
§ud  bi  med  iti  midiai  point.  It  bilenz  az  mud  tu  wun  clas  ev 
vauelz  az  tu  tti  uttur. 

iTi  feloir)  daiagram  §oz  fti  niutral  vauel  at  tti  midial  peint, 
&i  Frunted  and  Rezd  vauelz  (ttoz  prodiust  bai  dipresii)  tti  rut  ev 
Ai  tug  and  rezig  its  midl  frunt),  fti  Raunded  vauelz  (ttoz  prodiust 
bai  rezig  Ai  bac  port  ev  Ai  turj  and  raundig  Ai  lips),  and  haz  ci 
wurdz  hwid  §o  Ai  cweliti  ev  id  vauel  saund  ev  Ai  IngH3  laggwej, 
and  hau  yuzd  (brif  6r  ful)  in  spid. 


FRUNTED 
AND  RfiZD  VQUELZ. 


yir 
fil 

fil 

let 

let 

car 

cat 

burn 
bun 

Ci  wurdz. 


y — consonant, 
i 


u 

Midial  peint. 


w — consonant, 
u 

u 

6 

o 
6 


e 


a 


RdUNDED 
VQUELZ. 

'  wuf 
pul 
pul 
fold 
o-pec' 
n6r 
net 
cam 
case 
hurt 
hut 

Ci  wurd/.. 


ETis  clasifices*un  ev  Ai  vauelz  iz  full  sustend  bai  Prof eser 
W.  D.  Whitney  in  hiz  riport  en  *  'Obzurv&hmz  en  vauel  uturans 
bai  A.  Schnyder, "  givn  in  ful  in  Ai  Appendics,  and  bai  Ai 


36  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

dix,  and  by  the  following  from  the  second  paragraph  under  O 
in  the  Standard  Dictionary,  page  1209:  "If  the  tongue  is 
lowered,  o  changes  into  6,  0  as  in  nor,  net,  and,  the  lips  being 
unrounded,  into  a  in  father,  or,  without  resonance,  into  u  as 


in   sun.7 


LINEAR  ILLUSTRATION  OF  VOWEL  UTTERANCE. 
Fronted  and  Raised  vowels  u     u     a     a     e      e       i      i  y-Con. 

Rounded  vowels        uuadeeod      uu  w-Con. 

''Mixed  Vowels"  have  received  much  attention  in  works 
prepared  by  those  who  had  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  posi- 
tions of  the  tongue  in  vowel  utterance.  With  the  neutral 
vowel  as  the  medial  point,  the  fallacy  of  such  classification  is 
clearly  shown. 

The  following  diagram  is  a  reproduction  of  Professor  A. 
Schnyder's  illustration  of  observations  on  vowel  utterance. 


"The  figure  represents  a  perpendicular  section  of  the 
mouth  cavity,  from  the  lips  as  far  back  as  the  veil  of  the  pal- 
ate and  the  epiglottis.  The  unbroken  line  shows  the  neutral 
position  of  the  tongue;  the  broken  line,  the  position  for  utter- 


UNIVERSITY 
,O, 


AND    FONOTQIP. 


37 


f  el  oil)  frem  fti  secund  paragraf  undur  O  in  fti  Standard  Die- 
s"uneri,  pej  1209:  "If  fti  tui)  iz  lourd,  o  denjez  intu  6,  0  az  in 
ner,  net,  and,  fti  lips  biii)  unraunded,  intu  a  in  faftur,  er,  wift- 
aut  rezonans,  intu  u  az  in  sun. ' ' 

LINIQR  ILLUSTE^fiUN  OV  VQUEL  UTUEQNS. 


Frunted  and  Rezd  vauelz      uuaaee      ii  y-Cen. 
Raunded  vauelz       TTuaa06o6      uu  w-Cen. 

t;Micst  Vauelz"  hav  risivd  mud  atten^un  in  wurcs  pripard 
bai  ftoz  hu  had  impurf  ect  nelej  ev  fti  pozis"unz  ev  fti  tug  in 
vauel  uturans.  Wift  fti  niutral  vauel  az  fti  midiol  point,  fti 
falasi  ev  sud  clasifices*un  iz  clirli  §on. 

K"i  f  eloii)  daiagram  iz  a  riproduc§un  ev  Prof  eser  A.  Sehny- 
der'z  illustres'un  ev  ebzurve§unz  en  vauel  uturans. 


ITi  f  igyur  reprizents  a  purpendicyular  secs*un  ev  fti  maul 
caviti,  frem  fti  lips  az  far  bac  az  fti  vel  ev  fti  palet  and  fti  epi- 
gietis.  fTi  unbrocn  lain  s"oz  fti  niutral  pozi^un  ev  fti  tug;  fti 
brocn  lain,  fti  pozis*un  f6r  uturig  u;  fti  deted  lain,  ftat  f6r  i.  It 


38  MOTT'S     FON0LOJI 

ing  u;  the  dotted  line,  that  for  i.  It  is  assumed  that  the  point 
of  the  tongue  is  held  throughout  against  the  lower  teeth." 
The  position  for  uttering  e  and  6  or  any  other  sounds,  inter- 
mediate between  the  neutral  vowel  and  the  extremes,  can  be 
traced  between  those  here  given. 

Teachers  and  pupils  should  compare  this  figure  with  that 
shown  in  Webster's  International  Dictionaiy,  1900  edition,  and 
also  with  that  shown  in  Bell's  Visible  Speech,  1867,  for  ut- 
terance of  i  (ee). 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  UTTERING  THE  VOWEL  SOUNDS. 


"Speak  clearly,  if  you  speak  at  all; 
Carve  every  word  before  you  let  it  fall." 

There  is  such  a  thing  as  standard  English  speech,  from 
which,  among  good  speakers,  the  variations  are  probably  less 
than  are  the  variations,  allowed  by  law,  in  standard  gold  coin. 

Dr.  James  A.  H.  Murray  says,  '  ;the  living  word  is  sound 
cognizable  by  the  ear,  and  must  therefore  be  itself  symbolized 
in  order  to  reach  the  understanding  through  the  eye.  " 

In  the  phonetic  spellings  in  this  book,  only  the  pronun- 
ciation which  has  the  authority  of  the  dictionaries,  and  which 
best  accords  with  the  tendencies  of  the  English  language,  is 
recorded.  This  spelling  represents,  as  stated  by  Professor 
W.  D.  Whitney,  4tThe  idiomatic  utterance  .  ,  .  .  of  plain 
speaking,  or  of  reading  aloud  with  distinctness."  Dr.  James 
A.  H.  Murray  has  the  same  idea  when  he  says: —  "Let  us  aim 
at  producing  a  means  of  spelling  what  men  mean  to  say,  aim 
at  saying,  and  in  measured  or  formal  speech  or  song  do  say, 
not  at  the  shortcomings,  which,  though  inseparable  from  speech, 
are  none  the  less  unintentional,  and  to  be  discouraged. " 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  39 

iz  assiftmd  itat  iti  point  ev  iti  tug  iz  held  truant  agenst  iti  lour 
tit.  "  ITi  pozi^un  for  uturig  e  and  6  6r  eni  uitur  saundz,  intur- 
niidiet  bitwiniti  niutral  vanel  and  iti  ecstrimz,  can  bi  trest  bi- 
twin  itoz  hir  givn. 

Tidurz  and  piupilz  gud  cempar  ftis  figynr  wiit  itat  s*on  in 
Webster  \  Inturna^unal  Dic§uneri,  1900  idi§un,  and  61so  wiit 
flat  Son  in  Bell'z  Vizibl  Spid,  1867,  fdr  uturans  ev  i. 

INSTRUCRUNZ  FOR  UTURID  iTI  VQUEL  SQURDZ. 


"Spic  clirli,  if  yu  spic  at  61; 

Carv  evri  wurd  bifor  yu  let  it  £61.  " 

fl"ar  iz  sud  a  tig  az  standard  Iggli3  spid,  frem  hwid,  amug 
gud  spicurz,  fti  verie^unz  ar  prebabli  les  Aan  ar  &i  verie§unz, 
alland  bai  16,  in  standard  gold  cein. 

Dr.  James  A.  H.  Murray  sez,  "iti  livig  wurd  iz  saund  ceg- 
naizabl  bai  iti  ir,  and  must  itarfor  bi  itself  simbelaizd  in  6rdur 
tu  rid  tti  undurstandig  tru  iti  oi. " 

In  iti  fonetic  speligz  in  itis  buc,  onli  iti  pronunsieiun  hwid 
haz  iti  6teriti  ev  iti  dies' uneriz,  and  hwid  best  acc6rdz  wiit  iti 
tendensiz  ev  Ai  Iggli§  laggwej,  iz  ricerded.  £Tis  spelig  repri- 
zents,  az  steted  bai  Profeser  W.  D.  Whitney,  "K"i  idiomatic 
uturans  .  .  .  ev  plen  spicig,  6r  ev  ridig  aland  wiit  distigct- 
nes. "  Dr.  James  A.  H.  Murray  haz  iti  sem  aidia  hwen  hi  sez: 
4  'Let  us  em  at  prodiusig  a  minz  ev  spelig  hwet  men  min  tu  se, 
em  at  seig,  and  in  mefcurd  6r  f6rmal  spid  6r  seg  du  se,  net  at  iti 
§6rtcumigz,  hwid,  ito  inseparabl  frem  spid,  ar  nun  iti  les  unin- 
ten^unal,  and  tu  bi  discurejd. " 


40  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

Mr.  O.C.  Blackmer  says: — '  'The  conversational  weakenings 
of  standard  pronunciation  will  take  care  of  themselves.  They 
have  no  place  in  schools,  nor  in  schoolbooks,  though  some  of 
them  may  be  found  in  modern  dictionaries,  which  sometimes 
record  what  may  be  in  pronunciation,  but  which  ought  not 
to  be. 

4 'The  elementary  vowel  and  consonant  sounds  are  the 
'primary,'  'guiding,'  'ruling,'  'distinct'  concepts  of  standard, 
classic,  English  speech.  Teachers  should  be  instructed  to  utter 
correctly  these  primary  concepts  to  their  pupils,  especially  to 
those  in  the  lower  grades.  They  should  be  sure  that  these  con- 
cepts are  firmly  fixed  in  the  minds  and  in  the  vocal  organs  of 
the  pupils.  When  the  vocal  organs  are  trained  to  utter  correctly 
these  concepts,  and  when  the  printed  page  appears  in  letters 
representing  them,  that  is,  in  phonetic  spelling,  reading  will 
almost  come  of  itself,  and  the  dictionary  will  not  be  needed 
to  ascertain  pronunciation.  Every  word  will  then  show  its 
own  proper  pronunciation  without  help  from  any  other 
quarter.  One  of  the  strongest  arguments  in  favor  of  pho- 
netic spelling  is,  that  it  will  act  as  a  most  powerful  agent  in  the 
conservation  of  our  present,  standard,  English  speech. ' ' 

Dr.  F.  W.  Fricke,  President  of  the  G-erman  Spelling  Re- 
form Association,  says: — "Language  has  no  other  purpose  than 
to  express  thought.  The  means  to  this  end  are  sounds,  and 
their  symbols,  letters.  From  this  nature  of  language,  it  fol- 
lows that  only  those  sounds  which  serve  for  the  audible 
representation  of  ideas,  and  only  those  letters  by  which  these 
sounds  are  visibly  represented,  have  speech  value. 

"In  the  representation  of  sounds  in  writing,  science  de- 
mands that  the  notation  be  grammatically  and  logically  correct, 
that  it  indicate  the  sound,  the  quantity  and  the  accent,  and 


AND    FONOTdlP.  41 

Mr.  O.  C.  Blackmer  sez:  —  "rTi  cenvurses'unal  wicnigz  ev 
standard  pronunsies'un  wil  tec  car  ev  itemselvz.  ITe  hav  no 
pies  in  sculz,  ner  in  sculbucs,  ito  sum  ev  item  me  bi  faund  in 
modurn  dic^uneriz,  hwid  sumtaimz  ric6rd  hwet  me  bi  in  pro- 
nunsies'un, but  hwid  et  net  tu  bi. 

"ITi  elimentari  vauel  and  consonant  saundz  ar  iti  'prai- 
mari,  ?  'gaidin,  '  4rftlin,  '  'distigct'  censepts  ev  standard,  clasic, 
Ir]gli§  spid.  Tidurz  §ud  bi  instructed  tu  utur  cerrectli  ttiz  prai- 
mari  censepts  tu  itar  piupilz,  espe^ali  tu  ctoz  in  Ai  lour  gredz. 
ETe  sud  bi  stir  Aat  itiz  censepts  ar  furmli  ficst  in  rti  maindz  and 
in  iti  vocal  6rganz  ev  tti  piupilz.  Hwen  iti  vocal  erganz  ar  trend 
tu  utur  cerrectli  ftiz  censepts,  and  hwen  fti  printed  pej  appirz 
in  leturz  reprizeiitii)  ftem,  itat  iz,  in  forietic  spelin,  ridig  wil  61- 
most  cum  ev  itself,  and  iti  dics'uneri  wil  net  bi  nided  tu  asurten 
pronunsies'un.  Evri  wurd  wil  iten  §o  its  on  prepur  pronunsie- 
Suu  wiftaut  help  from  eni  urtur  cwertur.  Wun  ev  Ai  strerjgest 
argiuments  in  fever  ev  fonetic  spelig  iz,  itat  it  wil  act  az  a  most 
pauurful  ejent  in  iti  censurves'un  ev  aur  prezent,  standard,  In- 

spid.  " 


Dr.  F.  W.  Fricke,  Prezident  ev  iti  German  Spelig  Eif6rm 
A^sosie§un,  sez:  —  "Laggwej  haz  no  aitur  purpus  itan  tu  ecspres 
lot.  xTi  minz  tu  itis  end  or  saundz,  and  itar  simbelz,  leturz. 
From  itis  nedur  ev  laggwej,  it  feloz  itat  onli  Aoz  saundz  hwid 
surv  fe>r  iti  edibl  reprizentes"un  ev  aidiaz,  and  onli  Aoz  leturz 
bai  liwid  ctiz  sauridz  ar  vizibli  reprizented,  hav  spid  valyu. 

"In  iti  reprizente^un  ev  saundz  in  raitiij,  saiens  dimandz 
it  it  iti  notesun  bi  grammatical!  and  lejicali  correct,  itat  it  indicet 
iti  saand,  iti  cwentiti  and  iti  acsent,  and  itat  it  form  an  6rganizm. 


42  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

that  it  form  an  organism.  It  also  requires  that  regard  be  had 
to  existing  circumstances,  and  that  in  the  establishment  of  a 
phonetic  form  of  writing,  the  style  of  pronunciation  which  ob- 
tains in  careful  and  formal  speech,  and  is  reflected  in  the 
dictionaries  and  in  school  usage,  be  followed,  in  preference  to 
the  quick,  careless,  slurring  pronunciation  heard  in  colloquial 
utterance,  or  in  local  or  dialectal  speech. 

'  'The  English  alphabet  must  be  made  as  far  as  possible 
international,  that  is,  it  must  conform  to  the  'Roman  values. ' 
Such  conformity  will  make  it  easy  for  foreigners  to  learn  the 
English  language,  and  will  serve  thus  in  addition  to  promote 
its  acceptance  as  the  world  language. ' ' 

In  an  address  before  the  American  Philological  Associa- 
tion, 1888,  Dr.  Francis  A.  March  said: —  "There  is  standard 
speech,  as  there  is  common  law  .....  Our  pronouncing 
dictionaries  have  heretofore  given  the  full,  distinct  sounds  of 
English  words  as  uttered  by  trained  orators  speaking  them 
with  emphasis.  In  American  schools  these  sounds  are  care- 
fully taught,  and  constitute  the  primary  concept  of  the  word. 

"Teaching  pronounciation  has  two  parts,  first; — giving  a 
clear  and  distinct  concept  of  the  sound  to  be  uttered;  second, 
training  the  vocal  organs  to  make  the  sound  correctly  upon  a 
volition  to  utter  the  concept. 

4  'We  do  not  in  speaking  will  to  move  each  separate  mus- 
cle; we  only  will  to  make  the  sound,  to  utter  the  concept." 

No  schoolbook,  no  dictionary  of  the  English  language  has 
yet  been  published  from  which  the  exact  or  definite  sounds  of 
vowels  in  all  syllables  can  be  ascertained.  All  dictionaries  of 
the  English  language  have  characters  to  represent  sounds 
termed  "intermediate"  or  "variant,"  whatever  these  words 
may  mean,  and  "obscure"  sounds. 


AND    FONOTQIP.  43 

It  elso  ricwairz  itat  rigard  bi  had  tu  egzistig  surcumstansez,  and 
itat  in  iti  establishment  ev  a  fonetic  form  ev  raitin,  di  stall  ev 
pronunsies*un  hwid  ebtenz  in  earful  and  formal  spic1,  and  iz 
riflected  in  rti  dics"uneriz  and  in  scul  yuzej,  bi  felod,  in  prefur- 
ens  tu  iti  cwic,  carles,  slurii)  pronunsies'un  hurd  in  collocwial 
uturans,  or  in  local  or  daialectal  spic1. 


4  'xTi  Irjgli^  alf  abet  must  bi  mod  az  far  az  pesibl  inturnas'- 
unal,  flat  iz,  it  must  conform  tu  ifci  'Roman  valyuz.  '  Sud  cmi- 
f6rmiti  wil  mOc  it  izi  f6r  ferenurz  tu  lurn  cfci  Ingli^  langwej, 
and  wil  surv  itus  in  addi§uii  tu  promot  its  acseptans  az  tfci  wurld 
langwej." 

In  an  addres  bifor  fti  CLmerican  Filolejical  Assosie^un, 
1888,  Dr.  Francis  A.  March  sed:  —  "iTar  iz  standard  spid,  az 
itar  iz  cemun  16  .....  CLur  pronaunsig  dic^uneriz  hav 
hirtufor  givn  rti  f  ul,  distinct  saundz  ev  Ingli§  wurdz  az  uturd 
bai  trend  eraterz  spicig  ftem  witt  emfasis.  In  Qmerican  sculz 
rtiz  saundz  ar  carfuli  tot,  and  constitiut  tti  praimari  censept  ev 
iti  wurd. 

"Tidir)  pronunsies'un  haz  tu  parts,  furst;  —  givig  a  clir  and 
distinct  censept  ev  iti  saund  tu  bi  uturd;  secund,  trenig  iti  vo- 
cal 6rganz  tu  mec  iti  saund  cerrectli  upon  a  voli^un  tu  utur  iti 
censept. 

"Wi  du  not  in  spicig  wil  tu  muv  id  separet  musl;  wi  onli 
wil  tu  mec  iti  saund,  tu  utur  iti  censept.  " 

No  sculbuc,  no  dic^uneri  ev  tti  IngM  langwej  haz  yet  bin 
publis't  from  hwid  iti  egzact  6r  def  init  saundz  ev  vauelz  in  el 
silablz  can  bi  asurtend.  6l  dic^uneriz  ev  iti  Ingli3  langwej  hav 
caracturz  tu  reprizent  saundz  turmd  ;tinturmidiet"  6r  I4veri- 
ant,  "  hwetevur  itiz  wurdz  me  min,  and  *'ebsciur"  saundz. 


44  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

The  Century  Dictionary,  on  page  1  of  Vol.  1,  says:— * 'The 
'long  'a'  of  fate  is  not  strictly  one  sound,  but  ends  with  a 
vanishing  sound  of  'long  e':  i.  e.,  it  is  a  slide  from  the  e 
sound  of  they  down  to  the  i  sound  of  pique. 

'  'From  this  vanish  the  a  of  fare  and  bare  and  their  like  is 
free,  while  it  has  also  an  opener  sound,  and  is  even,  in  the 
mouths  of  many  speakers,  indistinguishable  in  quality  from  the 
'short  a'  of  fat;  hence  the  a  sound  of  fare  is  in  the  respellings 
of  this  work  written  with  a. " 

As  an  instructor  of  children  in  voicing  words,  what  sound 
should  a  teacher  give  to  the  Century's  "a"  with  the  wave  line 
above  it?  The  Century  Dictionary  does  not  tell  what  the 
sound  is  or  should  be. 

The  Century  Dictionary  also  says,  on  page  1  of  Vol.  1: — 

'  'There  is  also  a  class  of  words  like  ask,  fast,  ant,  in  which 
some  pronounce  the  vowel  simply  as  'short  a, '  while  some  give 
it  the  full  open  sound  of  a  in  far,  and  yet  others  make  it  some- 
thing intermediate  between  the  two:  such  an  a  is  represented 
in  this  work  by  a.  " 

From  this  description  of  the  power  of  a,  what  teacher 
can  tell  what  sound  should  be  uttered  for  this  vowel? 
"Something  intermediate"  between  the  vowel  in  hat  and  the 
vowel  in  arm  is  the  instruction  of  the  Century  Dictionary,  but 
what  is  the  exact  and  definite  sound  of  a  in  ask? 

Webster's  International  Dictionary,  1900,  p.  Ixi,  says  a  is 
used  only  '  'in  syllables  closed  by  r  and  more  or  less  strongly 

accented;  as  in  care,  share,  compare,  parent,  plowshare 

The  sound  is  the  narrow  correlate  of  the  wide  a  (am)  ...  It 
is  not  simply  a  prolongation  of  that  sound;  though,  if  we 
attempt  such  prolongation,  the  organs  naturally  and  uncon- 
ciously  slide  into  a  position  which  gives  the  sound  in  question; 


AND    FONOTCIIP.  45 

fTi  Century  Dic§uneri,  enpej  1  ev  Vel.  1,  sez: — "ffi  'leg  e' 
ev  f  et  iz  net  strictli  wuii  saund,  but  endz  wiit  a  vani^ig  saund 
ev  'leg  i':  £tat  iz,  it  iz  a  slaid  frem  iti  e  saund  ev  ite  daun  tu  iti 
i  saund  ev  pic. 

'  'Frem  itis  vani§  iti  a  ev  far  and  bar  and  itar  laic  iz  f ri, 
hwail  it  haz  elso  an  opnur  saund,  and  iz  ivn,  in  Ai  mauAz  ev 
meni  spicurz,  indistiggwi^abl  in  cweliti  frem  iti  '36rt  a'ev  fat; 
hens  iti  a  saund  ev  far  iz  in  fti  rispeligz  ev  Ais  wurc  ritn  wiA  a. n 

.  Az  an  instructor  ev  dildren  in  veisig  wurdz,  hwet  saund 
§ad  a  tidur  giv  tu  tti  Century 'z  "a"  wiit  tti  wev  lain  abuv  it?  ITi 
Century  Dic^uneri  duz  net  tel  hwet  tti  saund  iz  er  §ud  bi. 

ITi  Century  Dic^uneri  61so  sez,  en  pej  1  ev  Vel.  1: — "Har 
iz  elso  a  clas  ev  wurdz  laic  asc,  fast,  ant,  in  hwid  sum  pronauns 
Ai  vauel  simpli  az  '§ert  a, '  hwail  sum  giv  it  iti  ful  opn  saund 
ev  a  in  far,  and  yet  uttcrrz  mac  it  sumtig  inturmidiet  bitwin  iti 
til :  su<3  an  a  iz  reprizented  in  ttis  wurc  bai  a. ' ' 

Frem  ftis  discrip^un  ev  iti  pauur  ev  a,  hwet  tidur  can  tel 
hwet  saund  §ud  bi  uturd  f6r  ttis  vauel?  "Sumtig  inturmidiet" 
bitwin  Ai  vauel  in  hat  and  iti  vauel  in  arm  iz  iti  instruc^un  ev 
Ai  Century  Dic^uneri,  but  hwet  iz  iti  egzact  and  definit  saund 
ev  a  in  asc? 

Webster 'z  Inturna§unal  Dic^uneri,  1900,  p.  Ixi,  sez  a  iz  yuzd 
onli  "in  silablz  clozd  bai  r  and  mor  6r  les  stregli  acsented;  az 
in  car,  §ar,  cempar,  parent,  plau^ar.  .  .  fTi  saund  iz  iti 
naro  cerilet  ev  waid  a  (am).  .  .  .  It  iz  net  simpli  a  proleg- 
ge^un  ev  Aat  saund,  Ao,  if  wi  attempt  sud  prolegge^un,  iti  6r- 
ganz  nadurali  and  uncenSusli  slaid  intu  a  pozi^un  hwid  givz  iti 
saund  in  cwes<3un;  ite  me,  hauevur,  turn  tu  a  mor  opn  pozi^un 


46  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

they  may,  however,  turn  to  a  more  open  position  and  thus  give 
out  a  harsh,  flat,  nasal  sound,  which  would  be  quite  wrong." 

If  the  sound  of  a  in  care  is  not  the  sound  of  a  in  am 
prolonged,  what  sound  is  it  ? 

Of  the  Websterian  character  a,  it  says,  on  the  same 
page:—  "This  is  the  sound  to  be  preferred  in  certain  words  or 
syllables  ending  in  sk,  ff,  ft,  th,  ss,  sp,  st,  nee,  nt,  nd;  as  ask, 
staff,  graft,  path,  pass,  grasp,  last,  dance,  chant,  command;  and 
in  some  other  cases;  besides  its  frequent  use  in  unaccented  syl- 
lables, for  one  class  of  which  it  will  be  indicated  in  this. dic- 
tionary by  a,  the  italic  form  of  the  letter. 

"This  vowel  is  to  be  clearly  distinguished  from  a  (am, 
hat).  In  organic  position  it  lies  between  this  and  a  (arm);  but 
in  quality,  as  well  as  position,  more  nearly  resembles  the 
latter." 

The  exact  and  definite  sound  of  a  in  ask  is  the  sound  it 
has  in  standard  English  speech.  What  the  sound  is  this 
dictionary  does  not  state. 

The  Standard  Dictionary,  on  page  2105,  says: —  "The 
elementary  sound  a  appears  short  as  in  at,  long  as  in  fare, 
obscure  as  in  accord. 

"Obscure  a  as  in  accord  is  found  in  such  unaccented 
syllables  as  have  a  formal  distinct  pronunciation  like  short  a 
in  at,  and  also  a  colloquial  pronunciation  varying  towards  u 
in  but,  burn,  etc. ' ' 

The  Standard  leaves  110  room  for  doubt  as  to  the  quality 
or  quantity  of  the  vowel  element  in  care,  but  is  obscure  on  the 
sound  of  a  in  accord,  and  fails  to  identify  it.  What  does 
standard  English  speech  demand  ?  Evidently  the  sound  of  a 
in  at.  When  this  sound  is  changed  to  the  sound  of  u  in 
hut,  hurt,  it  is  not  standard,  but  careless,  slurring  speech. 


AND    FONOTQIP.  47 

and  ttus  giv  aut  a  har§,  flat,  nezal  saund,  hwid  wud  bi  cwait 
rag." 

If  fti  saund  ev  a  in  car  iz  net  tti  saund  ov  a  in  am  pro- 
legd,  hwet  saund  iz  it? 

Ov  tti  Websterian  caractur  a,  it  sez,  en  fli  sem  pej: — "ITis 
iz  tti  saund  tu  bi  prifurd  in  surten  wurdz  or  silablz  endig  in  sk, 
ff,  ft,  th,  ss,  sp,  st,  nee,  nt,  nd;  az  ask,  staff,  graft,  pathA 
pass,  grasp,  last,  dance,  chant,  command;  and  in  sum  uttur 
cesez;  bisaidz  its  fricwent  yus  in  unacsented  silablz,  for  wun 
das  ev  hwic1  it  wil  bi  indicated  in  ttis  dicSuneri  bai  a,  cti  italic 
term  ev  Ai  letur. 

kiH"is  vauel  iz  tu  bi  clirli  distirjgwi^t  frem  a  (am,  hat).  In 
erganic  pozi^un  it  laiz  bitwin  itis  and  a  (arm);  but  in  cweliti,  az 
wel  az  pozi^un,  mor  nirli  rizemblz  Ai  latur. " 

E"i  egzact  and  def init  saund  ev  a  in  asc  iz  tfci  saund  it  haz 
in  standard  Ingli^  spid.  Hwet  tti  saund  iz  itis  dic^uneri  duz 
net  stet. 

3^i  Standard  Dics*uneri,  en  pej  2105,  sez: — "ITi  elimentari 

saund  a  appirz  s*ert  in  at,  a.nd  leg  az  in  far,  ebsciur  in  accerd. 

***** 

"Obsciur  a  az  in  accdrd  iz  faund  in  sud  unacsented  silablz 
az  hav  a  f ermal  distinct  pronunsies"un  laic  s"6rt  a  in  at,  and  elso 
a  cellocwial  pronunsie^un  veriigtoardz  u  in  but,  burn.  ets.  " 

E"i  Standard  livz  no  rum  for  daut  az  tu  tti  cweliti  ercwen- 
titi  ev  tti  vauel  eliment  in  car,  but  iz  ebsciur  en  tti  sound  ev  a 
in  accerd,  and  felz  tu  aidentifai  it.  Hwet  duz  standard  Ingli^ 
spid  dimand?  Evidentli  tti  saund  ev  a  in  at.  Hwen  tbis  saund 
iz  <*enjd  tu  tti  saund  ev  u  in  hut,  hurt,  it  iz  net  standard,  but 
carles,  slurirj  spid. 


48  MOTT'S    FON0LOJI 

On  the  same  page  the  Standard  says  of  its  a  with  a 
breve  under  it,  that  it  "is  used  to  denote  words  of  variant 
pronunciation  like  ask,  fast.  These  words  have  a  formal  pro- 
nunciation substantially  like  a  inarm,  calm,  etc.,  and  also  a 
frequent  pronunciation  verging  to  a  in  as,  am.  An  interme- 
diate sound  has  been  a  favorite  American  suggestion. ' ' 

Of  its  a  unmarked  and  termed  ''obscure,  "  it  says,  it  "is 
used  in  unaccented  syllables  which  if  accented  would  have 
strong  or  variant  a  sound,  but  lose  their  proper  resonance  for 
want  of  vocal  effort,  and  verge  toward  an  obscure  sound  like 
u  in  but,  burn," 

The  Standard  has  a  letter  for  the  vowel  sound  in  arm,  and 
also  one  for  the  vowel  sound  in  but,  and  employs  means  to 
designate  the  quantity  of  the  vowel  element  used  in  any 
syllable.  It  admits  that  certain  classes  of  words  have  a  formal 
and  distinct  pronunciation,  yet  introduces  distinct  letters  to 
indicate  that  the  vowel  sounds  in  such  words  are  "obscure"  or 
"variant. " 

With  such  notation  in  the  dictionary,  what  sound  should 
teachers  give  to  these  "obscure"  and  "variant"  signs?  That 
which  formal  and  distinct  utterance  demands?  Or  that  which 
is  only  heard  from  the  mouths  of  careless,  slurring  speakers, 
who  sink  all  the  vowel  sounds  of  our  language  toward  or  into 
that  of  the  neutral  vowel? 

In  standard  English  speech  there  are  no  "intermediate," 
or  ' 'variant, "  or  "obscure"  sounds.  In  this  work  no  such 
sounds  are  recognized. 

"Worcester's  Dictionary  is  now  being  revised:  therefore  the 
"obscure "characters  found  in  the  last  edition  to  indicate  pro- 
nunciation are  not  at  this  time  subject  to  criticism. 


AND    FONOTdlP.  49 

On  iti  sem  pej  iti  Standard  sez  ev  its  a  wirt  a  briv  undur  it, 
jctat  it  "iz  yuzd  tu  dinot  wurdz  ev  veriant  pronunsie§un  laic 
asc,  fast,  iTiz  wurdz  hav  a  formal  pronunsie^un  substan§ali 
laic  a  in  arm,  cam,  ets. ,  and  61so  a  fricwent  pronunsie§un  vur- 
jii)  tu  a  in  az,  am.  An  inturmidiet  saund  haz  bin  a  feverit 
Qmerican  sugjesdun. " 

Ov  its  a  unmarct  and  turmd  "ebsciur, "  it  sez,  it  "iz  yuzd 
in  unacsented  silablz  hwid  if  acsented  wud  hav  streg  6r  veriant 
a  saund,  but  luz  ftar  prepur  rezonans  f 6r  w6nt  ev  vocal  efort, 
and  vurj  toard  an  ebsciur  saund  laic  u  in  but,  burn. " 

xTi  Standard  haz  a  letur  fer  fti  vauel  saund  in  arm,  and 
61so  wun  f6r  tti  vauel  saund  in  but,  and  empleiz  minz  tu  desig- 
net  iti  cwentiti  ev  rti  vauel  eliment  yuzd  in  eni  silabl.  It  ad- 
mits ttat  surten  clasez  ev  wurdz  hav  a  formal  and  distigct  pro- 
nunsie^un,  yet  introdiusez  distinct  leturz  tu  indicet  itat  Ai  vauel 
saundz  in  su<3  wurdz  ar  "ebsciur"  6r  "veriant." 

Witt  sud  note§un  in  fti  dicSuneri,  hwet  saund  Sud  tidurz 
giv  tu  itiz  "ebsciur"  and  "veriant"  sainz?  iTat  hwid  fdrmal 
and  distinct  uturans  dimandz?  6r  itat  hwic1  iz  onli  hurd  frem 
iti  mauitz  ev  carles,  slurig  spicurz,  hu  sirjc  61  iti  vauel  saundz 
ev  aur  laggwej  toard  6r  intu  itat  ev  Ai  niutral  vauel? 

In  standard  IrjgliS  spid  itar  ar  no  "inturmidiet,"  6r  "veri- 
ant" 6r  "ebsciur"  saundz.  In  itis  wurc  no  sud  saundz  ar  rec- 
egnaizd. 

Worcester 'z  Dic^uneri  iz  nau  biig  rivaizd:  itarf or  iti  "eb- 
sciur" caracturz  faund  in  iti  last  idi§un  tu  indicet  pronuiisie- 

ar  net  at  itis  taim  subject  tu  critisizm. 


50  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

The  great  English  Dictionary  now  being  published,  of 
which  Dr.  James  A.  H.  Murray  is  editor  in  chief,  thus  de- 
scribes one  of  the  letters  used  to  indicate  correct  pronuncia- 
tion:— 4'The  vowel  in  pass,  command,  variously  identified  by 
different  speakers  with  a  in  man,  and  a  in  father,  is  symbol- 
ized by  the  avowedly  ambiguous  a.  ' ' 

With  a  symbol  to  indicate  standard  English  speech,  which 
symbol,  by  the  authority  of  the  dictionaries,  may  be  given  in 
the  same  syllable,  not  one,  but  several  different  sounds,  the 
wonder  is  that  the  corruptions  of  English  speech  have  not 
been  such  as  to  have  long  since  compelled  the  adoption  of  a 
full  alphabet,  and  the  use  of  phonetic  spellings,  in  order  to 
preserve  the  identity  of  our  spoken  language.  In  the  follow- 
ing lessons  full  instructions  are  given  for  uttering  each  distinct 
quality  of  vowel  sound  in  the  English  language;  and  the 
accompanying  exercises  disclose  the  fact  that  the  vowel  element, 
brief  or  full,  in  any  syllable,  can  be  identified  and  can  be  rep- 
resented by  a  letter  of  the  Phonetic  English  Alphabet,  which 
letter  is  used  to  symbolize  no  other  sound . 

In  the  exercises  in  this  book,  presented  as  aids  in  training 
the  vocal  organs  to  utter  the  sounds,  will  be  found  every  key 
word  used  in  the  following  dictionaries:— Century,  Standard, 
Webster's  International,  Worcester's,  Phonetic,  Walker, 
Encyclopedic,  Stormonth,  Imperial. 

The  following  twenty  exercises  contain  all  the  vowel 
elements,  brief  ancl  full,  of  the  English  language,  and  also  all 
of  the  vowel  combinations  used  to  express  diphthongs.  The 
vowel  elements  are  identified  for  the  reader  and  are  repre- 
sented by  eight  vowel  letters.  The  prolongation  of  a  vowel 
element  is  indicated  by  a  diacritic  common  to  all  the  vowel 
symbols. 


AND    FONOTQIP.  51 

fTi  gret  Iggli^  Dic^uneri  nau  biig  publish,  ev  hwid  Dr.  James 
A.  H.  Murray  iz  editor  in  dif  ,  ttus  discraibz  wun  ev  tti  leturz 
yuzd  tu  indic^t  correct  pronunsie^uii  :  —  ;iiTi  vauel  in  pas,  cem- 
maiid,  veriusli  aidentifaid  bai  difurent  spicurz  witt  a  in  man, 
and  a  in  fattur,  iz  simbelaizd  bai  tti  avauedli  ambigyuus  a.  " 


Wiit  a  simbel  tu  indicet  standard  Iggli^  spid,  hwid  simbel, 
bai  tti  oteriti  ev  tti  dic^uiieriz,  me  bi  givn  in  fti  sem  silabl,  net 
wun,  but  sevural  difurent  saundz,  iti  wuiidur  iz  ctat  rti  cerrup- 
§unz  ev  Irjgli^  spid  hav  net  bin  sud  az  tu  hav  leg  sins  cempeld 
iti  adep^un  ev  a  ful  alfabet,  and  iti  yus  ev  fonetic  spelinz,  in 
erdur  tu  prizurv  iti  aidentiti  ev  aur  spocn  laggwej.  In  tti  feloig 
lesnz  ful  instruc^unz  ar  givn  fer  uturii)  id  distigct  cweliti  ev 
vauel  saund  in  rti  Irjgli^  laggwej;  and  tti  accumpaniig  ecsursai- 
zez  discloz  Ai  fact  ttat  tti  vauel  eliment,  brif  er  ful,  in  eni  sil- 
abl, can  bi  aidentifaid  and  can  bi  reprizented  bai  a  letur  ev 
tti  Fonetic  IggliS  Alfabet,  liwid  letur  iz  yuzd  tu  simbolaiz  no 
uttur  saund. 

In  tti  ecsursaizez  in  ttis  buc,  prizented  az  edz  in  trenig  tti 
vocal  erganz  tu  utur  tti  saundz,  wil  bi  f  aund  evri  ci  wurd  yftzd 
in  tti  feloii)  dic^uneriz:—  Century,  Standard,  Webster  7z  Intur- 
na^unal,  Worcester  7z,  Phonetic,  Walker,  Encyclopedic,  Stor- 
montli,  Imperial. 

iTi  feloii)  twenti  ecsursaizez  centen  el  tti  vauel  eliments, 
brif  and  ful,  ev  tti  Ii)gli3  larjgwej,  and  elso  el  ev  tti  vauel  cem- 
bine^unz  yuzd  tu  ecspres  diftenz.  H?i  vauel  eliments  ar  aidenti- 
faid f6r  tti  ridur  and  ar  reprizented  bai  et  vauel  leturz.  fTi 
prolei)ge§un  ev  a  vauel  eliment  iz  indicated  bai  adaiacritic 
cemun  tu  61  tti  vauel  simbelz. 


52  MOTTS    FONOLOJI 

LESSON  I.  SOUND  OF  U  (u(r)). 


Pronounce  the  word  hut,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then 
attempt  to  pronounce  hut  omitting  the  first  sound,  that  of  h. 
Try  again,  omitting  the  first  and  the  last  sound,  that  of  h  and 
of  t.  The  sound  heard  is  an  elementary  vowel  sound,  repre- 
sented in  the  Phonetic  English  Alphabet  and  in  the  Scientific 
Alphabet  by  the  new  letter  u  (u  (r)  ).  This  vowel  sound  pro- 
longed is  heard  in  hurt,  and  when  prolonged  is  followed  by 
the  sound  of  r.  In  ordinary  print,  it  is  not  always  necessary 
to  use  a  sign  to  indicate  its  prolongation,  its  position  before 
r  being  sufficient.  SeeAppendix. 

This  vowel  is  termed  the  neutral  vowel  and  is  so  called 
because  it  does  not  belong  exclusively  to  either  of  the  two 
classes  of  vowel  sounds.  It  may  as  rightfully  begin  one  series 
as  the  other.  It  is  the  most  natural  and  most  easily  uttered  of 
all  the  vowel  sounds,  and,  because  of  this  fact,  any  vowel  sound 
carelessly  uttered  by  a  lazy  speaker  tends  towards  this  sound. 
The  so  called  obscure  vowels  are  those  which  are  improperly 
voiced  by  careless  speakers. 

To  produce  this  sound,  open  the  mouth  slightly,  with 
tongue  and  lips  in  their  most  natural  position  of  indifference, 
and  force  vocalized  breath  from  the  larynx  into  and  from  the 
mouth.  Its  full  sound  is  this  element  prolonged. 

This  sound  is  not  suppressed  before  r  by  those  who  use  only 
standard  English  pronunciation.  In  current  spelling  it  is  des- 
ignated by  ea,  e,  i,  o,  oo,  ou,  on,  u,  y,  eo,  hu,  io,  oe,  oi,  ow, 
eou,  as  in  heard,  offer,  verb,  tapir,  bird,  son,  word,  blood, 
young,  tongue,  tub,  turn,  zephyr,  myrrh,  dungeon,  humble, 
cushion,  does,  porpois,  gallows,  gorgeous. 


AND    FONOTQIP.  53 

LESN  I.  SCLUND  OV  U  (uh). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  hut,  sloli  and  distigctli,  iten  attempt  tu 
pronauns  hut  omitii)  iti  furst  sannd,  itat  ev  h.  Trai  agen, 
omitig  iti  furst  and  iti  last  saund,  itat  ev  h  and  ev  t.  rTi  saund 
hurd  iz  an  elimentari  vauel  saund,  reprizented  in  fti  Fonetic 
Irjglis*  Alfabet  and  in  iti  Saientific  Alfa  bet  bai  iti  niii  letur  u. 
ITis  vauel  saund  prolegd  iz  hurd  in  hurt,  and  hwen  prolend  iz 
f  elod  bai  ifci  saund  ev  r.  In  erdineri  print,  it  iz  net  61wez  nes- 
eseri  tu  yuz  a  sain  tu  indicet  its  prolegges'un,  its  pozis"un  bifor 
r  biig  suffis"eiit.  SiAppendics. 

H"is  vauel  iz  turmd  fti  niutral  vauel  and  iz  so  celd  bic6z  it 
duz  net  bileg  ecsclusivli  tu  iAur  ev  iti  tu  clasez  ev  vauel  saundz. 
It  me  az  raitf  uli  bigin  wun  siriz  az  tti  uitur.  It  iz  iti  most  nad- 
ural  and  most  izili  uturd  ev  61  iti  vauel  saundz,  and,  bic6z  ev 
itis  fact,  eni  vauel  saund  carlesli  uturd  bai  a  lezi  spicur  tendz 
toardz  Ais  saund.  iTi  so  c61d  ebsciur  vauelz  or  itoz  hwid  ar 
imprepurli  veist  bai  carles  spicurz. 

Tu  prodius  itis  saund,  opn  iti  maul  slaitli,  wiib  iti  tug  and 
lips  in  ttar  most  natural  pozi^un  ev  indifurens,  and  fors  vocal - 
aizd  bret  from  iti  larigcs  intu  and  frem  iti  maut.  Its  f ul  saund 
iz  ttis  eliment  prolegd. 

iTis  saund  iz  net  supprest  bifor  r  bai  itoz  hu  yuz  onli  stan- 
dard Irgli^  pronunsie^un.  In  curent  spelig  it  iz  designated  bai 
ea,  e,  i,  o,  oo,  ou,  on,  u,  y,  eo,  hu,  io,  oe,  oi,  ow,  eou, 
az  in  heard,  offer,  verb,  tapir,  bird,  son,  word,  blood,  young, 
tongue,  tub,  turn,  zephyr,  rnyrrh,  dungeon,  humble,  cushion, 
does,  porpois,  gallows,  gorgeous. 


54  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

EXERCISE  I.     BEIEF  SOUND  OF  U  (u(r)). 


hut,    bud,    buzz,  buff,   hub,    hunch,    snub,  ton,    tun,  trunk, 
hut      bud     buz     buf     hub     hund       snub    tun    tun     trunc 

cut,  cuff,   cub,  fun,  tongue,  run,  gum ,    but,  won'der,  some, 
cut     cuf     cub    fun    tug          run    gum     but    wun'dur    sum 

cap,   does,  bunch,  sup,     shun,   hung,    cov'er,    zeph'yr,    sum, 
cup    duz      bund      sup     §un       hug        cuv'ur    zefur        sum 

up,  num'ber,  hov'er,  offer,   wel'come,  ta'per,  un'der,  suffer, 
up    num'bur  huv'ur    efur     wel'cum     te'pur   un'dur    sufur 

EXERCISE  II.     FULL  SOUND  OF  tT  (u(r)). 


hurt,    learn,    earn,    urn,    earth,  worse,    myrrh,  stern,   thirst, 
hurt     lurn       urn       urn     urt       wurs      mur      sturn     lurst 

hearse,   vir'tue,  bird,  urge,  curl,  fer'vid,  con-cur',  jerk,  cur, 
hurs        vur'du     burd  urj       curl    fur'vid    cen-cur'    jure    cur 

irk'some,  per-vert',  serge,  surge,  search,  world,  fern,  sir,  burr, 
urc'sum     pur-vurt'  surj      surj     surd       wurld   furn  sur  bur 

myr'tle,  purse,  churn,  purge,  nurse,   smirch,    firm,    wor'ker. 
mur'tl      purs     durn      purj       nurs      smurd     furm     wur'cur 

LESSON  II.     SOUND  OF  d  (dh). 


Pronounce  the  worda-dopt,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then  pro- 
nounce the  first  sound  only  of  the  word  a-dopt,  the  sound 
represented  by  a.  This  is  a  vowel  element.  It  is  the  purest 
of  the  vowel  sounds,  being  that  which  is  naturally  sent  forth 
by  the  human  organs  of  utterance  when  the  mouth  and  throat 
are  widely  opened,  and  the  tone  from  the  larynx  suffered  to 
come  out  with  the  least  modifying  interference  or  obstruction 
by  the  parts  of  the  mouth. 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  55 

ECSURSaiZ    I.     BRIF  SdUND  OV  U  (uh). 


mut'ter,  nev'er,  na'tion,  lov'er,  trudge,  fashion,  stud'y,  fund, 
mut'ur     nev'ur    ne's*un     luv'ur  truj        fas*'un       studl     fund 

let'ter,  mon'ey,  in'dus-try,  in'fer-ence,  sub-mit',  can'non,  stunt, 
let'ur    muni     in'dus-tri    in'fur-ens    sub-mit'    can'un     stunt 

mud'dy,  mar'tyr-dom,  ful'crum,  vir-gul'tum,    ful'gent,   e-lix'ir, 
mud'i       mdr'tur-dum  ful'crum    vur-gul'tum  ful'jent    i-lics'ur 

cur'ry,   flur'ry,  hur'ry,  sur'ry,   wor'ry,   crust,  grub,   rub'bing. 
curl       flur'i       hurl       surl       wurl      crust    grub     rublg 

ECSURSQIZ     II.     FUL  SQUND  OV  tT  (uh). 


turn,   worth,   work,  pearl,  purl,   mur'mur,  er'mine,   bur'gher, 
turn    wurl      wurc    purl      purl    mur'mur    ur'min      bur'gur 

churl,   surd,  lurk,  furl,  hurl,  berg,  berth,  birth,   ber'gan-der, 
durl      surd    lure    furl     hurl    burg  burl    burl     bur'gan-dur 

Ber'tha,  bur'sal,  birl,  burgh,  burn,  birr,  birth'wort,    ber'bine, 
Bur'la     bur'sal  burl  burg      burn    bur    burl'wurt     bur'bin 

tur'bid,  irk,  ber'ga-mot,  burst,  birch,    first,  heard,  girl,  her. 
tur'bid    urc   bur'ga-met   burst    burd     furst  hurd     gurl  hur 

LESN  II.     SQUND  0V  Q  (dh). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  a-dept,  sloli  and  distinctli,  iten  pronauns 
Ai  furst  saund  onli  ev  fti  wurd  a-dept,  Ai  saund  reprizented 
bai  a.  ITis  iz  a  vauel  eliment.  It  iz  tti  piurest  ev  fti  vauel 
saundz,  biii)  ftat  hwid  iz  nadurali  sent  forl  bai  Ai  hiuman  6r- 
ganz  ev  uturans  hwen  rti  maul  and  Irot  ar  waidli  opnd,  and 
fti  ton  frem  fti  larincs  suf  urd  tu  cum  aut  wift  fti  list  medifaiirj 
inturf  irens  6r  ebstruc^un  bai  fti  parts  ev  fti  maul. 


56  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

To  make  this  sound,  open  the  mouth  wide  with  the  tongue 
nearly  flat  in  the  mouth,  its  tip  in  contact  with  the  lower 
incisor  teeth,  raise  the  back  of  the  tongue,  and,  while  the  mouth 
organs  are  in  this  position,  force  from  the  mouth  vocalized 
breath. 

This  sound  is  heard  in  the  word  ask,  path,  and  wherever 
in  the  English  language  the  letter  a  constitutes  or  ends  an 
unaccented  syllable,  before  f,  1,  m,  n,  r,  and  before  a  continu- 
ous consonant  (f,  n,  s)  followed  by  a  second  consonant.  Pro- 
longed, it  is  heard  in  the  word  arm. 

The  greater  difference  between  the  brief  and  full  sound 
of  this  vowel  is  in  the  quantity  of  the  element  used,  there  be- 
ing but  very  slight,  if  any,  difference  in  the  quality  of  the 
sounds,  as  the  mouth  organs  are  in  nearly  the  same  position  in 
uttering  the  brief  sound  (ah)  as  is  required  to  utter  the  full  or 
prolonged  sound  (a—  -h). 

The  addition  of  the  new  letter  a  (ah)  to  the  English 
alphabet,  and  its  use  in  ordinary  print  to  designate  this  sound 
only,  that  of  a  in  above,  ask,  ant,  sofa,  should  increase  the 
use  of  the  most  noble  sound  of  our  language,  and  arrest  the 
tendency  among  rapid  or  careless  speakers  to  change  this 
sound  (in  many  words)  to  that  of  the  vowel  in  at,  am,  and  (in 
many  other  words)  to  that  of  the  vowel  in  hut,  hurt.  In  ordi- 
nary print  it  is  not  necessary  to  indicate  the  prolongation  of 
this  sound. 

EXEKCISE  III.     BEIEF  SOUND  OF  Q  (dh). 


a-bove',  a-bout',  a-las',  a-ghast',  a-part',  a-jar',  a-loft',  a-stride', 
a-buv'     a-baut'   a-las'  a-gast'      a-part'   a-jar'  a-left'  a-straid' 

com'ma,    fi'nal,   a-rouse',  a-buse',  asp,   aft,  after,  bath,  mast, 
cem'a       fai'nal  a-rauz'     a-biuz'    asp    aft    af'tur  bat      mast 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  67 

Tu  mec  itis  saund,  opn  iti  maul  waid  wiit  iti  tug  nirli  flat 
in  iti  maul,  its  tip  in  contact  wiit  iti  lour  insaiser  tit,  rez  iti  bac 
ev  iti  tug,  and,  hwail  iti  maul  erganz  ar  in  itis  pozi&m,  f ors  from 
iti  maul  vocalaizd  brel. 

fTis  saund  iz  hurd  in  iti  wurd  asc,  pal,  and  hwarevur  in  iti 
IggliS  laggwej  iti  letur  a  censtitiuts  6r  endz  an  unacsented  silabl, 
bifor  f ,  1,  m,  n,  r,  and  bifor  a  continyuus  consonant  (f,  n,  s) 
felod  bai  a  secund  consonant.  Prologd,  it  iz  hurd  in  iti  wurd 
arm. 

jTi  gretur  difurens  bitwin  iti  brif  and  ful  saund  ov  itis 
vauel  iz  in  iti  cwontiti  ov  iti  eliment  yuzd,  itar  biig  but  veri  slait, 
if  eni,  difurens  in  iti  cwoliti  ev  iti  saundz,  az  iti  maul  erganz 
ar  in  nirli  iti  sem  pozi^un  in  uturig  iti  brif  saund  a  az  iz  ri- 
cwoird  tu  utur  iti  ful  or  prologd  saund  d. 

ffi  addi^un  ov  iti  niu  letur  a  tu  iti  Iggli§  alfabet,  and  its 
yus  in  6rdineri  print  tu  designet  itis  saund  onli,  itat  ov  a  in 
abuv,  asc,  sofa,  §ud  incris  iti  yus  ov  iti  most  nobl  saund  ev  aur 
laggwej,  and  arrest  iti  tendensi  amug  rapid  6r  carles  spicurz  tu 
denj  itis  saund  (in  meni  wurdz)  tu  Aat  ov  iti  vauel  in  at,  am, 
and  (in  meni  uttur  wurdz)  tu  itat  ev  iti  vauel  in  hut,  hurt.  In 
ordineri  print  it  iz  not  neseseri  tu  indicet  rti  prolegge^un  ev  itis 
saund. 

ECSURSQIZ  III.     BRIF  SCLUND  ©V  d  (ah). 

a-bate',  grass,  chaff,    path,  quaff,    gasp,  slant,   lo'cal,    to'tal, 
a-bet'     gras     daf       pal      cwaf      gasp    slant    16'cal     td'tal 

chance,   lance,  cask,  ad-vance',  mon'arch,   mad'am,  di-plo'ma, 
c"ans       lans      case    ad-vans'     mon'arc      mad'am  di-pl6'ma 


58  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

dance,    past,    fast,  grasp,   chant,    ant,   par- take',   A-mer'i-ca, 
dans       past     fast    grasp    dant       ant     par-tec'      Q-mer'i-ca 

so'fa,  hus'band,  mas'ter,  a-muse',  a-far',  a-midst',    gui'dance. 
sd'fa    huz'band    mas'tur  a-miuz'     a-fdr'   a-midst'     gai'dans 

EXEECISE  IV.     FULL  SOUND  OF  Q  (ah). 


arm,  far,  calm,  heart,  barn,  re-gard',  ma,    pa,  ma-ma',  pa-pa', 
arm   far    cam    hart     barn   ri-gdrd'    ma    pa  ma-ma'  pa-pa' 

halve,  half,  balm,  aunt,  bar,    ar'gue,   a-larm',   par'ty,  spar'kle* 
hdv       hdf    bdm     dnt     bar    dr'giu     a-ldrm     pdr'ti    spdr'cl 

tar'tar,    garland,    bal'my,    psalm'ster,     half 'hose,     ser'geant, 
tdr'tar    garland     bd'mi        sdm'stnr        hdf'hoz         sdr'jent 

gnarled,  gar'den,  chart,  harm,  charm,    bar'gain,  gar'get,  ah. 
ndrld        gdr'dn      <*drt      harm    ddrm       bdr'gen     gar'get  ah 

LESSON  III.      SOUND  OF  O  (awe). 


Pronounce  the  word  not,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then 
attempt  to  pronounce  it  omitting  the  first  sound,  that  of  n. 
Try  again,  omitting  the  first  and  the  last  sound,  that  of  n  and 
of  t.  The  sound  heard  is  that  of  a  vowel  element.  Prolonged, 
it  is  heard  in  the  word  naught.  The  greater  difference  between 
the  brief  and  full  sound  of  this  element  is  in  the  quantity 
used,  there  being  but  very  slight,  if  any,  difference  in  the 
quality  of  the  brief  and  full  sounds.  This  is  the  vowel  of  the 
Rounded  vowels  least  removed  from  the  vowel  in  arm. 

To  produce  this  vowel,  open  the  mouth  widely,  place  the 
tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  lower  incisor  teeth,  raise  the  back 
of  the  tongue  more  than  is  required  to  produce  the  vowel 
element  in  ask,  ant,  and,  while  the  mouth  organs  are  in  this 
position,  force  from  the  mouth  vocalized  breath. 


AND     FONOTCLIP.  59 

a-ro'ma,     a-ground',   in'fant,    valiant,      bot'a  ny,     break'fast, 
a-r6'rna     a-graund'    in'fant    val'yant       bet'a-ni       brec'fast 

sar'sa-pa-ril'la,    staii'za,    pi'ca,     mi'ca,    quo'ta,    del'ta,    ul'tra. 
sdr'sa-pa-ril'a     stan'za    pai'ca   mai'ca  cwd'ta    del'ta     ul'tra 

ECSURSQIZ    IV.     FUL  SCLUND  OV  a  (ah). 


yard,   guard,  alms,  car,  bark,  barque,  salve,  calf,  bar'ba-rism, 
yard    gdrd      dmz     car    bare    bare        sdv     caf     bdr'ba-rizm 

barge,  large,    launch,  hark,  mar'tyr,    char'ter,  bar'ter,  dar'by 
bdrj      Idrj       lane1        hare     mar'tur    ddr'tur     bdr'tur  ddr'bi 

star'ter,  mar'gin,    psalm,  cal'mer,  halving,  sdr'king,  har'king 
stdr'tur   mdr'jin     sdm       cd'mur    hd'vig       sdr'cii)       hdr'cig 

sar'ki-nite,    mar'king,  are,  palm,  marl,  har'den,  garb,  gar'ter. 
sdr'ci-noit    mdr'cii)      dr      pdm    marl    hdr'dn     garb    gdr'tur 

LESN  III.      SQUND  OV  O  (6h). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  net,  sloli  and  distinctli,  ften  attempt  tu 
pronauns  it  omitig  fti  furst  saund,  Aat  ev  n.  Trai  agen,  omitii) 
Ai  furst  and  Ai  last  saund,  ftat  ev  n  and  ev  t.  BTi  saund  hurd 
iz  ftat  ev  a  vauel  eliment.  Prolerjd,  it  iz  hurd  in  iti  wurd  net. 
Si  gretur  difurens  bitwin  iti  brif  and  ful  saund  ev  itis  eliment 
iz  in  iti  cwentiti  yuzd,  ftar  biig  but  veri  slait,  if  eni,  difurens 
in  Ai  cweliti  ev  iti  brif  and  ful  saundz.  ETis  iz  iti  vauel  ev  iti 
Raunded  vauelz  list  rimuvd  frem  iti  vauel  in  arm. 

Tu  prodius  itis  vauel,  opn  iti  maul  waidli,  pies  iti  tip  ev  iti 
turj  agenst  iti  lour  insaiser  tit,  rez  iti  bac  ev  tti  tug  mor  itan  iz  ri- 
cwaird  tu  prodius  iti  vauel  eliment  in  asc,  ant,  and,  hwail  iti 
maul  6rganz  ar  in  itis  pozi^un,  fors  frem  iti  maul  voealaizd 
brel. 


60  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

This  sound  is  represented  in  the  Phonetic  English  Alpha- 
bet and  in  the  Scientific  Alphabet  by  a  new  letter,  e  (awe),  an 
o  with  the  breve  on  its  face.  In  ordinary  print  it  is  not  neces- 
sary in  every  instance  to  designate  the  prolongation  of  this 
sound. 

EXEKCISE  V.     BRIEF  SOUND  OF  O  (awe). 


sot,  tot,  rot,  bot,    hot,    rock,    spot,    frock,    lock,    got,    what, 
set    tet    ret    bet    het    rec       spet    free      lee       get    hwet' 

hop'ping,  sol'emn,  sop'py,  sock'y,   lob'ster,  nod'ding,    knock, 
hep'ig         sel'em       sep'i       sec'i        leb'stur   ned'irj          nee 

sock'et,  job'ber,  don,  pos  -seas',  dot,  wot,  ed'it-or,  in-cor-rect', 
sec'et       jeb'ur     den    pez-zes'     det    wet   ed'it-er  in-cer-rect' 

notch,  shot,  blot,  sob,  trot,  flop'per,  flos'sy,  moss'back,  frog, 
ned        Set      blet    seb    tret    flep'ur     fles'i      mes'bac       freg 

EXERCISE  VI.    FULL  SOUND  OF  6  (awe). 


sought,  taught,  caught,  ball,  bawl,  call,  caul,  clause,  claws, 
s6t  tet          cot  bel     bel       eel     eel       clez       c!6z 

hall,  haul,   orb,  or'bit,  daugh'ter,   wa'ter,  fau'cet,    al-read'y, 
hel     hel       erb    6r'bit    de'tur          w6'tur    fe'set       61-red'i 

horse,  al'tar,    al'ter,  fawn,  laws,     swarm,  draw,    walk,    sort, 
hers     el'tar     el'tur    fen      lez         sw6rm    dre        w6c       sert 

lord,    landlord,    ab-hor',  pause,  paws,  maw,  flaw,  jaw,  saw. 
16rd     land'16rd    ab-h6r'    pez         p6z       m6       fie      je       se 


LESSON  IV.  SOUND  OF     O  (6h). 


Pronounce  the  word   o-mit',  slowly  and  distinctly,    then 
pronounce  the  sound  represented  by  o  briefly,  exactly  as  it  is 


AND     FONOTCLIP.  61 

ITis  saund  iz  reprizented  in  Ai  Fonetic  IngliS  Alfabet  and 
in  iti  Soientif ic  Alfabet  bai  a  niu  letur,  e  (eh),  an  o  wiA  iti  briv 
en  its  f  es.  In  erdineri  print  it  iz  net  neseseri  in  evri  iiistans  tu 
designet  iti  prolerjge^uii  ov  itis  saund. 

ECSUESQIZ  V.      BRIF  SdUND  OV  O  (6h). 


quail -ty,  cot,    pot,  doll,    dob,    wad,  crock,    id'i-ot,   sob'bing, 
cwel'i-ti     cet     pet    del      deb     wed    crec       id'i-et    seb'irj 

mot'tle,  mot'to,  lot,   nos'tril,  fos'sil,  ac'tor,    progress,    for'est, 
met!       met'o     let    nes'tril    fes'il     ac'ter    preg'res      fer'est 

at'om,  oc-cur',  torld,   bor'row,  pomp,  solve,  tongs,      blot'ter, 
at'em    ec-cur'    terld    ber'o        pemp    selv      tegz         blet'ur 

froth,   copse,  drop'per,  flog,  romp,  mop,  grog,  in-stal-la'tion. 
fret       ceps     drep'ur     fleg  remp  mep    greg    in-stel-le'§un 

ECSURSQIZ  VI.    FUL  SQUND  OV  6  (eh). 


daub,  broad,  salt,  aught,  ought,  talk,  gorge,  al'so,   for'ging, 
d6b       bred      s61t    6t  6t          t6c      g6rj      el'so     fer'jig 

bawd,   or'der,  aw'full,  awe,  all,  awl,  warm,  form,  nor,  storm, 
bed       er'dur   6'ful        6        el     el      w6rm    f6rm    n6r  st6rm 

raw,  short,   sauce,    squaw,  mor'bid,  pau'per,  au'dit,  nau'ti-cal, 
r6       §6rt       s6s         scw6      mer'bid   pe'pur      e'dit      n6'ti-cal 


or'bit,  bau'ble,  scorn,  scoff,  warmth,  for'tres,  dis-tort',  brought. 
6r'bit    be'bl       sc6rn   sc6f    werml     fer'tres  dis-t6rt'   br6t 

LESN  IV.     SQUND  OV    O    (6h). 


Pronauns  fti  wurd  o-mit',  sloli  and  distigctli,  ften  pronauris 
i  saund  reprizented  bai  o  brifli,  egzactli  az  it  iz  hurd  in  iti 


62  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

heard  in  the  words  omit,  obey,  opaque.  The  sound  heard  is  a 
vowel  element.  To  this  sound  there  is  no  vanish  element. 
It  is  the  vowel  sound  heard  wherever  in  the  English  language 
o  constitutes  or  ends  an  unaccented  syllable.  It  is  also  heard 
in  some  syllables  and  words  when  not  final.  Prolonged,  it  is 
heard  in  open,  old,  mold.  The  sound  of  o  is  a  Rounded  vowel 
sound,  between  that  in  nor  and  that  in  pull.  To  produce  this 
sound,  open  the  mouth  widely,  slightly  protrude  and  round 
the  lips,  place  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  lower  incisor 
teeth,  raise  the  back  of  the  tongue,  more  than  is  required  to 
utter  the  vowel  in  nor,  and,  while  the  mouth  organs  are  in  this 
position,  force  from  the  mouth  vocalized  breath. 

The  difference  in  quality,  if  any,  between  the  brief  and 
full  sound  of  this  element  is  very  slight,  as  the  mouth  organs 
are  nearly  in  the  same  position  when  either  sound  is  uttered. 
In  ordinary  print  it  is  not  necessary  to  designate  this  difference. 

EXERCISE  VII.      BRIEF  SOUND  OF  O  (6h). 


o-mit',   o-bey'  o-paque',  o-rig'i-nal,   o-va'tion,    to-pog'ra-pher, 
o-mit'     o-be'     o-pec'         o-rij'i-nal     o-ve'§un     to-peg'ra-fur 

o-bese',  o-rol'o-gy,  no-ta'tion,  to-bac'co,    flo-til'la,    pro-mote', 
o-bis'       o-rel'o-ji     no-te's'un     to-bac'o       flo-til'a      pro-m6t' 

pro-voke',  do-main',  spo-rad'ic,  to-ma'to,  co-or'di-nate, pro-pose', 
pro-vdc'    do-men'     spo-rad'ic  to-md'to  co-6r'di-net    pro-poz' 

to-pog'ra-phy,    eu'lo-gy,     a-nat'o-my,    dem'o-crat,    vo-ca'tion. 
to-peg'ra-fi         yu'lo-ji       a-nat'o-mi     dem'o-crat     vo-ce's'un 

EXERCISE  VIII.    FULL  SOUND  OF  6  (oh). 


o,  oh,  owe,  sold,  gold,    bold,  fold,  oat,    flow,    rolled,  beau, 
666         s61d    g61d    b61d    f&ld    6t       f!6      r61d       bo 


AND    FONOTC1IP.  63 

wurdz  omit,  obe,  opec.  ITi  sauiid  liurd  iz  a  vauel  eliment. 
Tu  Ais  saund  Aar  iz  no  vani§  eliment.  It  iz  Ai  vauel  sound 
hurd  hwarevur  in  Ai  Ingli^  langwej  o  censtitiiits  er  endz  an 
unacsented  silabl.  It  iz  elso  hurd  in  sum  silablz  and  wurdz 
hwen  net  fainol.  Prolegd,  it  iz  hurd  in  opn,  old,  mold.  ITi 
saund  ev  o  iz  a  Raunded  vauel  saund,  bitwin  Aat  in  n6r  and 
Aat  in  pul.  Tu  prodius  Ais  saund,  opn  Ai  maul  waidli,  slaitli 
protrud  and  raund  fti  lips,  pies  iti  tip  ev  Ai  tug  agenst  Ai  lour 
insaiBer  tit,  rez  Ai  bac  ev  Ai  tun,  mor  Aan  iz  ricwoird  tu  utur 
Ai  vauel  in  n6r,  and,  hwail  Ai  maut  6rganz  ar  in  Ais  pozi§un, 
fors  frem  Ai  maul  vocalaizd  brel. 

Hi  difurens  in  cweliti,  if  eni,  "bit win  Ai  brif  and  ful  saund 
ev  Ais  eliment  iz  veri  slait,  az  Ai  maul  6rganz  ar  nirli  in  Ai  sem 
pozi^un  hwen  iAur  saund  iz  uturd.  In  6rdineri  print  it  iz  net 
neseseri  tu  designet  Ais  difurens. 

ECSUESQIZ  VII.  BRIF      SCLUND  OV  O  (6h). 


so-licit,  zo-on'o-my,  vo-lute',  pro-fess',  mem'o-ry,  top'o-graph'ic, 
so-lis'it  zo-en'o-mi   vo-liut'    pro-fes'    mem'o-ri    tep'o-graf-ic 

do-me»'tic,  mel'o-dy,  bo-tan'ic,  co-e'val,  co-quette',  e-con'o-my, 
do-mes'tic    mel'o-di     bo-tan'ic    co-i'val   co-cet'         i-cen'o-mi 

the'o-ry,   zo-ol'o-gy,    abrro-gate,   sa'go,  fres'co,  oc-ta'vo,    solo, 
li'o-ri        zo-ero-ji      ab'ro-get      se'go    fres'co    ec-te'vo     solo 

po-ta'to,  mo-roc'o,  ver'ti-go,  pro-vi'so,  me-ri'no,  po-lite',  o-gee' 
po-te'to    mo-rec'o    vur'ti-go   pro-vai'zo  me-ri'no  po-lait'   o-ji' 

ECSURSQIZ  VIII.     FUL  SdUND  OV  0  (6h). 


toe,    tow,    ode,    owed,     old,    loan,     lone,  roe,    row,    no'bly. 
t6      t6       6d       6d  old     16n       Ion      ro       ro        nd'bli 


64  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

bow,  bore,  boar,   dole,  a-lorie',  clothes,  known,   snore,  forth, 
b6       b6r      b6r      d61      a-16n'     cldttz        n6n         sn6r      fdrfc 

fort,   no'tion,  to'ken,   door,  source,  poke,  no'wise,     nose'gay, 
fdrt     nd'^un     td'cn       d6r      sdrs         p6c      nd'wcdz      ndz'ge 

ope,  lo'co-mo'tion,  toll,    foal,  glo'ry,  floor,  loth,   loathe,  woe. 
6p      16'co-m6'3un     t61     f61      gld'ri    f!6r      161      16fk         w6 


LESSON  V.     SOUND  OF  U  (oo> 


Pronounce  the  word  pull,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then 
attempt  to  pronounce  it  omitting  the  sounds  of  p  and  of  1. 
The  sound  heard  is  the  vowel  element  represented  by  u  (oo). 
Prolonged,  it  is  heard  in  the  word  pool.  This  vowel  is  the 
Rounded  vowel  farthermost  removed  from  the  vowel  repre- 
sented by  u  (u(r)). 

To  produce  this  sound,  open  the  mouth  wide,  protrude 
and  round  the  lips,  place  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the 
lower  incisor  teeth,  raise  its  back  part  to  nearly  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  and,  while  the  mouth  organs  are  in  this  position,  force 
from  the  mouth  vocalized  breath.  If  breath  be  forced  from  the 
mouth  abruptly,  the  sound  of  the  vowel  in  pull  is  heard;  if 
done  continuously,  the  sound  is  prolonged  and  the  vowel  in 
pool  is  produced,  which  differs  only  in  quantity  from  the 
brief  sound,  as  the  mouth  organs  must  be  in  nearly  the  same 
position  to  produce  either  the  brief  or  the  full  sound  of  this 
element.  This  sound  approaches  a  consonant  character.  It 
naturally  passes  with  but  little  or  no  alteration  of  the  posi- 
tion of  the  mouth  organs  into  the  sound  of  w  (woo)  in  woo, 
will,  a  consonant  sound.  In  ordinary  print  it  is  only  occasion- 
ally necessary  to  use  the  circumflexed  ft,  that  is,  to  desig- 
nate the  prolonged  sound, 


AND     FONOTCLIP.  65 

so,    sow,    sew,    dough,    show,  snow,  sport,  hold,  tole,  no'ble, 
s6     so       so        d6  36        siid       sport    hold  t61     nd'bl 

toed,    towed,    toad,    mode,    mowed,    sole,    soul,    sore,     soar, 
tod      tod         tod       mod       mod          sol       sol        sor       sor 

oath,  goat,  bloat,  sow'er,  sew'er,    gore,   pore,  pour,  cold,  go. 
6t        got      blot      so'ur       so'ur       gor      por      por     cdld    go 

LESN  V.     SCLUND  OV  U  (Ah). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  pul,  sloli  and  distinctli,  iten  attempt  tu 
pronauns  it  omitig  tti  saundz  ev  p  and  ev  1.  fTi  saund  hurd  iz  iti 
vauel  eliment  reprizented  bai  u  (uh).  Prolerjd,  it  iz  hurd  in  iti 
wurd  pul.  iTis  vauel  iz  cti  Raunded  vauel  farrturmost  rimuvd 
from  cti  vauel  reprizented  bai  u  (uh). 

Tu  prodius  itis  saund,  opn  iti  maul  waid,  protrud  and 
raund  iti  lips,  pies  iti  tip  ev  iti  tug  agenst  iti  lour  insaiser  til, 
rez  its  bac  part  tu  nirli  iti  ruf  ev  iti  maul,  and.  hwail  iti  maul 
ergaiiz  ar  in  itis  pozi^un,  fors  frem  iti  maul  vocalaizd  brel.  If 
brel  bi  forst  frem  iti  maul  abruptli,  iti  saund  ev  iti  vauel  in 
pul  iz  hurd;  if  dun  centiiiyuusli,  iti  saund  iz  prolegd  and  iti 
vauel  in  pul  iz  prodiust,  hwid  difurz  onli  in  cwentiti  frem  iti 
brif  saund,  az  fti  maul  6rganz  must  bi  in  nirli  iti  sem  pozi^uii 
ta  prodius  iitur  iti  brif  6r  iti  ful  saund  ev  rtis  eliment.  ITis 
saund  approdez  a.  consonant  caractur.  it  nadurali  pasez  wiit 
but  litl  er  110  elture^un  ev  iti  pozi^un  ev  iti  maul  erganz  intu 
iti  saund  ev  w  (wu)  in  wu,  wil,  a  consonant  saund.  In  6rdi- 
neri  print  it  iz  onli  eccezunali  neseseri  tu  yuz  iti  surcumflecst 
u,  itat  iz,  tu  designet  iti  prolend  saund. 


66  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

EXEECISE  IX.     BEIEF  SOUND  OF  U  (oo) 


pull,    put,    could,    good,    stood,     shook,    book,    foot,  pulley, 
pul      put     cud       gud      stud       §uc         buc      fut      pul'i 

cook,    hook,    pullet,    bullet,    bush'y,    bush,    rook,    bill/rush* 
cue      hue      pul'et      bul'et      bu^'i        bu§       rue       buTruS 

op'u-lent,    in-sin'u-ate,    gran'u-lus,    in'stru-ment,    bull,    puss, 
ep'yu-lent   in-sin'yu-et     gran'yu-lus  in'stru-ment     bul      pus 

ful-fill,'   foot'path,    fec'u-la.     joy'ful,       bos'om,    wol'ver-ine'. 
ful-fil'      fut'pcrt        fec'yu-la  jei'ful         buz'um     wul'vur-in' 

EXERCISE  X.     FULL  SOUND  OF  U  (oo). 


pool,    soon,    noon,    school,    ooze,     brood,     groom,  spoon,  do, 
pul      sun      nun      scul        uz         brad       gram     spun     du 

doom,    root,    croon,    shoot,    flute,    boom,    glue,    moon,    moor, 
dum      rut      crun      §ut        flut      bum      glu      mun      mur 

moot,   troop,    croup,    true,     vol'ume,    tooth/some,    tour,    rule, 
mut       trap      crap       tra       veryum     tut'sum          tur       rul 

route,    tomb,  ru'mor,    brute,    stool,    too,    two,    choose,    rude, 
rut        turn      ru'mer    brut       stul      tu      ti\       <3uz  rud 

LESSON  VI.     SOUND  OF  A  (a(ir)) , 


Pronounce  the  word  at,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then  pro- 
nounce only  the  first  sound  of  the  word  at,  that  which  is  rep- 
resented by  a  (a(ir)).  This  is  the  vowel  element  of  the  Fronted 
and  Raised  vowel  sounds  least  removed  from  the  neutral 
vowel.  It  is  the  element  represented  in  the  Phonetic  English 


AND     FONOTCLIP.  67 

ECSURSQIZ  IX.  BRIF  SQUND  OV  U  (Ah). 


look,  nook,  in/to,   un'to,  wolf,     cuck'oo,  to,  crook,    crook'ed, 
luc      nuc      in'tu    un'tn   wulf     cuc'A       tu    erne      cruc'ed 

crooked,    fully,  cushion,  wo'ful,  wom'an,    pul'pit,  grate'ful, 
cruet         full      cus*'un       wd'ful    wum'an     pul'pit   gret'ful 

putlog,  put'off,  full'f ace,  pushing,  full'er,  ful'ness,    in' jure, 
putlog    put'ef     ful'fes       pu^lg        ful'ur     fullies      in'jur 

dep'u-ty,    bull'frog,    wool'en,    wool'y,    na'ture,    wood,  would, 
dep'yu-ti    bul'freg      wul'en      wull       ne'dur      wud      wud 

ECSURSQIZ  X.     FUL  SdUND  OV  tl  (Ah). 


broom,  stoop,  rue,  whose,  truce,  who-ev'er,    roost,    through, 
brum      stup      ru      huz        trAs      hu-ev'ur       rust      tru 

truelsm,  brew,  drew,  grew,  clew,   clue,    food,    sooth,    chew, 
trAlzm      bru       dru      grA      clA       clu       fud      sCit         <3a 

trous-seau',  soothe,  smooth,  re-moved',  wooing,  coo,  in-trud3', 
tru-so'  suit         smuA      ri-muvd'      wulg       cu    in-trud' 

prune,  swoon,  lu'rid,  boo'rish,  flew,    you,  yew,    ewe,  youth, 
prun      swun     lu'rid    bu'ris"        flu       yu      yu       yu     yAl 

LESN  VI.  SaUND  OV  A  (ah). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  at,  sloli  and  distinctli,  iten  pronauns 
onli  tti  furst  saund  ev  tti  wurd  at,  rtat  hwi<3  iz  reprizented  bai 
a  (ah).  H"is  iz  fti  vauel  eliment  ev  fti  Frunted  and  Rezd  vauel 
saundz  list  rimuvd  from  fti  niutral  vauel.  It  iz  iti  eliment  rep- 
rizented in  iti  Fonetic  Inglis"  Alf abet  bai  a  (ah).  Prolend  it  iz 


68  MOTT'8    FONOLOJI 

Alphabet  by  a  (a(ir)).  Prolonged,  it  is  heard  in  care,  fare,  bear, 
their,  there,  and,  whenever  thus  used,  is  always  followed  by 
the  sound  of  r,  therefore,  in  ordinary  print  it  is  not  always 
necessary  to  use  the  circu mile xed  a  (a(ir))  to  designate  prolon- 
gation of  this  sound. 

The  full  sound  of  this  vowel  is  often  misrepresented  as 
being  the  same  as  that  of  a  in  mate.  It  is  doubtful  if  another 
instance  can  be  found  in  which  the  difference,  if  any,  in  quali- 
ty, between  the  brief  and  full  sound  of  the  same  vowel  ele- 
ment is  less  than  it  is  between  the  brief  and  full  sound  of 
a(a(ir)),  heard  in  at,  air;  cat,  care;  that,  there.  The  identity 
of  the  vowel  sound  in  the  word  cat,  with  that  in  the  word  care, 
can  be  determined  by  uttering  the  vowel  in  cat  and  prolonging 
it  without  changing  the  position  of  the  mouth  organs.  By 
standing  before  a  mirror  and  looking  at  the  reflection  of  the 
mouth  organs  as  this  sound  is  uttered,  brief  and  full,  no 
perceptible  change  in  their  position  will  be  observed.  This 
test  with  the  sounds  of  ca  in  cat,  care,  fully  proves  the  iden- 
tity of  the  vowel  in  at  with  that  in  air. 

To  produce  this  Fronted  and  Raised  vowel,  open  the 
mouth,  place  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  lower  incisor 
teeth,  keep  it  there,  and  raise  its  middle  and  front  part  by 
depressing  its  root,  but  do  not  raise  the  front  part  of  the  tongue 
to  the  height  required  to  produce  the  vowel  in  day,  and,  while 
the  mouth  organs  are  in  the  positions  described,  force  from  the 
mouth  vocalized  breath. 

EXERCISE  XL     BRIEF  SOUND  OF  A  (a(ir)). 


at,    am,    bat,    tack,    tab,    bland,    hand,    stand,    chat,     catch, 
at    am     bat    tac       tab    bland    hand    stand    dat       cad 


AND    FONOTQIP.  69 

hurd  in  car,  far,  bar,  Aar,  and,  hwenevur  Aus  yuzd,  iz  elwez 
felod  bed  Ai  saund  ev  r,  Aarfor,  in  erdineri  print  it  iz  net  elwez 
neseseri  tu  yuz  Ai  surcumflecst  a  (ah)  tu  designet  prolegge^un 
ev  Ais  saund. 

xTi  ful  saund  ev  Ais  vauel  iz  efn  misreprizented  az  biig  Ai 
sem  az  Aat  ev  e  in  met.  It  iz  dautful  if  anuAur  instans  can  bi 
faund  in  hwich  Ai  difurens,  if  eni,  in  cweliti,  bitwin  Ai  brif 
and  ful  saund  ev  Ai  sem  vauel  eliment  iz  les  Aan  it  iz  bitwin  Ai 
brif  and  ful  saund  ev  a  (ah),  hurd  in  at,  ar;  cat,  car;  Aat,  Aar. 
xTi  oidentiti  ev  Ai  vauel  saund  in  Ai  wurd  cat,  wiA  Aat  in  Ai 
word  car,  can  bi  diturmind  boi  uturig  Ai  vauel  in  cat  and  pro- 
leg  ig  it  wiAaut  cleirjii)  Ai  pozi^un  ev  Ai  maut  6rganz.  Bai 
standig  bifor  a  mirer  and  lucii)  at  Ai  riflec^un  ev  Ai  maut  6r- 
ganz  az  Ais  saund  iz  uturd,  brif  and  ful,  no  purseptibl  denj  in 
Aar  pozi^un  wil  bi  ebzurvd.  iTis  test  wiA  Ai  saund  ev  ca  in  cat, 
car,  fuli  pruvz  Ai  aidentiti  ev  Ai  vauel  in  at  wiA  Aat  in  ar. 


Tu  prodius  Ais  Frunted  and  Kezd  vauel,  opn  Ai  maul, 
pies  Ai  tip  ev  Ai  tug  agenst  Ai  lour  insaiser  tit,  cip  it  Aar,  and 
rez  its  midl  and  frunt  part  bai  dipresig  its  rut,  but  du  net  rez 
Ai  frunt  part  ev  Ai  tug  tu  Ai  hart  ricwaird  tu  prodius  Ai  vauel 
in  de,  and,  hwail  Ai  maul  erganz  ar  in  Ai  pozi§un  discraibd, 
fors  frem  Ai  maut  vocalaizd  bret. 


ECSURSQIZ  XI.  BRIF  SQUND  OV  A  (ah). 


ac-cuse',  ran'dom,  car'ry,  mar'ry,  par'ry,  tar'ry,  Har'ry,  har'ry, 
ac-ciuz'   ran'dum   car'i      marl     par'i     tar'i      Har'i       har'i 


TO  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

scratch,    latch,    gap,  flat,    lad,    pang,    at-tack',    re-act',  slap, 
scrad        lad        gap    flat     lad     par]       at-tac'       ri-act'    slap 

re-ad-mit'   mad'man,    al-loy',    fat,    scalp,    scamp,    vat,  clamp, 
ri-ad-mit'    mad'man     al-lei'     fat     scalp     scamp     vat   clamp 

stamp,    jag,    stack,    tramp,    bad,    bade,    adds,    adze,  ac-cept'. 
stamp     jag    stac       tramp    bad     bad       adz       adz      ac-sept' 

EXEECISE  XII.  FULL  SOUND  OF  A  (a(ir)> 


air,    heir,    hair,    hare,    fair,    fare,    stair,    stare,    bare,     bear, 
ar      ar        har      har      far      far       star      star       bar        bar 

pair,    pare,    pear,    chair,    square,    laird,    spare,    dare,  share, 
par      par      par       dar        scwar       lard      spar       dar      gar 

de-clare',    care,    pa'rent,    corn-pare',    ware,    wear,  plow'share, 
di-clar'       car      pa'rent     corn-par'       war       war     plantar 

tare,    tear,    snare,    scare,    where,    their,  rare,    mare,    prayer, 
tar        tar      snar       scar      hwar       itar      rar      mar       prar 

LESSON  VII.     SOUND  OF  E  (AY). 


Pronounce  the  word  met,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then 
attempt  to  pronounce  the  word  met  omitting  the  sound  of  m. 
Try  again,  omitting  the  sound  of  m  and  also  that  of  t.  The  sound 
heard  is  that  of  a  vowel  element.  Prolonged,  it  is  heard  in  the 
word  may.  This  vowel  sound  is  the  Fronted  and  Raised  vowel 
sound  between  that  of  a  (a(ir))  in  care  and  i  (ee)  in  it,  and  is 
represented  by  the  letter  e  (ay).  To  produce  this  sound,  place 
the  mouth  organs  in  position  to  give  the  vowel  sound  in  air. 
Do  not  open  the  mouth  as  widely  as  for  uttering  the  vowel 


AND    FONOTQIP.  71 

Bar'ry,  wrap,  rap,  mat,  plan'et,  tariff,  pat'ent,  maxim,  tap, 
Barl      rap      rap    mat    plan'et    tar'if     pat'ent    macslm  tap 

jack'et,  fa-natlc,  re-lapse',  hank,  gath'er.  hav'oc,  plant,  tan, 
jac'et     fa-natlc   ri-laps'       hagc     gait'ur     hav'ec    plant    tan 

en-act',   de-tach',   i-tallc  plash,   splash,   tas'sel,   rank,   plank, 
en-act'    di-tac"       i-tallc  pla§      spla§      tasl        rage     plane 

ECSURSdlZ  XII.     FUL  SdUND  OV  A  (ah). 


hai'ry,   fai'ry,   sha'ring,     blare,    re-pair',   af-fair',  glare,  flare, 
ha'ri       fa'ri      ga'rin  blar      ri-par'      af-far'    glar      flar 

wel'fare,   be-ware',   da'ring,    pre-pare',  glair,  there,  where  at', 
wel'far      bi-war'       da'rir)       pri-par'      glar      ttar      hwar-at' 

where  -as',  where-to',  where-of;,  for-bear',  im-pair',  a-ware',   lair, 
hwar-az'     hwar-tu'     hwar-ei"   fer-bar'     im-par'     a-war'      lar 

sware,  thor'ough-fare,  ap-pa'rent,  care'ful,  fare'well',  pa'ring. 
swar     lur'o-far  ap-pa'rent   car'ful     far'wel'       pa/rig 

LESN  VII.      SQUND  OV  E  (eh). 


Pronauns  Ai  wurd  met,  sloli  and  distigctli,  ften  attempt  tu 
pronauns  tti  wurd  met  omitig  iti  saund  ev  in.  Trai  agen, 
omitig  ifci  saund  ev  m  and  elso  ftat  ev  t.  H"i  saund  hurd  iz  itat 
6v  a  vauel  eliinent.  Prolegd,  it  iz  hurd  in  iti  wurd  me.  K'is 
vauel  saund  iz  di  JB"runted  and  Rezd  vauel  saund  bitwin  itat  ev 
a  (ah)  in  car  and  i  (ih)  in  it,  and  iz  reprizented  bai  iti  letur 
e  (eh).  Tu  prodius  itis  saund,  pies  iti  maul  erganz  in  pozi§un 
tu  giv  iti  vauel  saund  in  ar.  Du  net  opn  iti  maul  az  waidli  az 
f6r  uturig  iti  vauel  saund  in  ar,  but  mor  waidli  itaii  f6r  pro- 


72  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

sound  in  air,  but  more  widely  than  for  producing  the  sound  of 
i  (ee)  in  pin.  Raise  the  flat  of  the  tongue  slightly  and  force  vo- 
calized breath  through  the  mouth.  In  prolonging  the  sound  of 
e  (ay)  in  met,  to  produce  the  sound  of  e  (ay)  in  they,  the  mouth 
organs  very  slightly  change  their  position,  more  than  in  any 
other  case  except  for  the  prolongation  of  the  sound  of  i  (ee). 
It  is  true  that  the  sound  of  the  e  (ay)  of  they  is  a  closer  sound 
than  the  e  (ay)  of  met,  but  the  former  is  substantially  the 
lengthened  sound  of  the  latter. 

The  full  sound  of  e  (ay)  followed  by  the  vanishing  sound 
of  i  (ee)  in  police  (diphthongal  or  nasal  utterance  of  the  vowel 
in  mate),  is  never  heard  from  the  mouth  of  one  who,  in  youth, 
was  properly  instructed  in  voicing  the  sounds  of  the  English 
language.  It  is  probable  that  the  diphthongal  utterance  of  this 
pure  vowel  sound  was  brought  about  by  attempts  to  sound 
y  (yee)  following  e  (ay)  and  a  (a(ir))  in  current  spelling,  as 
in  they,  may,  consonant  y  (yee)  being  closely  allied  to  the 
vowel  i  (ee). 

In  some  places,  and  in  the  mouths  of  drawling  speakers,  the 
vanishing  element  is  often  heard.  A  similar  vanishing  sound 
may  be  attached  to  any  vowel  element,  but,  if  done,  it  would 
be  no  part  of  the  vowel  sound.  If  the  sound  of  e  (ay),  when 
prolonged,  ends  in  an  i  (ee)  vanish  it  should  be  represented  by 
ei  (ay  ee).  In  ordinary  print  the  full  sound  of  e  (ay)  should 
be  indicated  in  every  instance  by  circumflexed  e  (ay). 

The  Standard  Dictionary  on  page  2105,  Sec.  29,  says: — 
"The  elementary  sound,  however,  is  e  as  in  met;  this 
prolongation  should  be  represented  by  e  with  a  diacritic  of 
prolongation  or  an  added  vowel. "  In  the  Standard's  respell- 
ings,  to  show  pronunciation,  the  circumflexed  e  is  used. 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  73 

• 

diusii)  iti  saund  ev  i  (ih)  in  pin.  Kez  iti  flat  ev  iti  tug  slaitli 
and  fors  vocalaizd  brel  Iru  iti  maul.  In  prolegig  ili  saund  ev 
e  (eh)  in  met,  tu  prodius  iti  saund  ev  e  (eh)  in  rte,  iti  maul  er- 
ganz  veri  slaitli  denj  itar  pozi^un,  mor  itan  in  eni  uitur  ces 
ecsept  fer  iti  prolenge^un  ev  iti  saund  ev  i  (ih).  It  iz  tru  Aat 
iti  saund  ev  iti  e  (eh)  ev  ite  iz  a  closur  saund  itan  iti  e  (eh)  ev 
met,  but  iti  ferrnur  iz  substan§ali  iti  leglnd  saund  ev  iti  latur. 


ITi  ful  saund  ev  e  (eh)  felod  bai  iti  vani§ii)  saund  ev  i  (ih) 
in  polis  (dif  leggal  er  nezal  uturans  ev  iti  vauel  in  met),  iz  nevur 
hurd  from  tli  maul  ev  wun  hu,  in  yul,  wez  propurli  instructed 
in  veisig  iti  saundz  ev  iti  Ii]gli3  lai]gwej.  It  iz  prebabl  ilat  iti 
diflengal  uturans  ev  itis  piur  vauel  saund  wez  bret  abaut  bai 
attempts  tu  saund  y(yi)feloig  e  (eh)  and  a  (ah)  in  curent  spelin, 
az  in  they,  may,  censonaiit  y  (yi)  biii)  closli  allaid  tu  iti  vauel 


In  sum  plesez,  and  in  iti  mauitz  ev  drelii)  spicurz,  iti  van- 
i^ig  eliment  iz  efn  hurd.  Q  similar  vani^ig  saund  me  bi  attadt 
tu  eni  vauel  eliment,  but,  if  dun,  it  wud  bi  no  part  ev  iti  vauel 
saund.  If  iti  saund  ev  e(eh),  hwen  prolend,  endz  in  an  i(ih) 
vani§  it  §ud  bi  reprizented  bai  ei  (eh  ih).  In  erdineri  print  iti 
ful  saund  ev  e  (eh)  ^ud  bi  indicated  in  evri  instans  bai  surcum- 
flecst  e  (eh). 

iTi  Standard  Dic^uneri  en  pej  2105,  Sec.  29,  sez:—  ''ffi 
elimentari  saund,  hauevur,  iz  e  az  in  met;  itis  prolei)ge§un  §ud  bi 
reprizented  bai  e  wiit  a  daiacritic  ev  prolenge^un  6r  an  aded 
vauel."  In  iti  Stand  ard'z  rispeliij,  tu  3o  pronunsie^un,  iti 
surcumflecst  e  iz  yuzd. 


74  MOTT'S    FON0LOJI 

•  • 

EXERCISE  XIII.     BRIEF  SOUND  OF  E  (ay). 


ell,  else,  ed'it,    met,    let,    death,    any,    when,     pen,     friend, 
el     els      ed'it     met     let     det         eni      hwen     pen      frend 

village,    moun'tain,  ex-cuse',   ef-face',    cor'set,   con-demn',  pet, 
vil'ej         maun'ten     ecs-ciuz'    ef-fes'      cer'set     cen-dem'     pet 

de'cen-cy,    sun'set,    mo'meiit,    ab'sence,   Per'ry,    her'e-sy,  get, 
di'sen-si      sun'set     m6'ment     ab'sens      Per'i       her'i-si     get 

her'ald,    ter'ri-er,    herr,    her'on,    mer'it,  ber'yl,    sweat,  mend, 
her'old     ter'i-ur      her      her'en     mer'it  ber'il     swet     mend 

EXERCISE  XIV.     FULL  SOUND  OF  $  (ay). 


mate,   gray,    grey,    dale,    straight,     strait,   mail,   male,  fate, 
met      gre       gre       del       stret  stret      mel      mel      fet 

weight,    wait,    ail,   ale,    brake,    break,    ray,    lace,    pain,  aid, 
wet  wet      el      el       brec       brec       re       les       pen     ed 

main,    mane,    pa'per,    la'bor,    pray,    prey,    cha'os,    fail,  play, 
men      men       pe'pur     le'ber    pre       pre       ce'es      fel      pie 

pa'tri-ar'chal,  great,  grate,    ate,    eight,    way,    weigh,  es-tate'. 
pe'tri-cir'cal    gret      gret       et       et  we        we         es-tet' 

LESSON  VIII.     SOUND  OF  I  (ee). 

Pronounce  the  word  it,  slowly  and  distinctly,  then  attempt 
to  pronounce  it  omitting  the  sound  of  t.  The  sound  heard  is 
that  of  a  vowel  element.  Prolonged,  it  is  heard  in  the  word 
pique.  This  vowel  sound  is  the  Fronted  and  Raised  vowel 
farthermost  removed  from  the  neutral  vowel. 

To  produce  this,  the  closest  of  the  Fronted  and  Raised 
vowel  sounds,  force  vocalized  breath  from  the  mouth  when  the 


AND  FONOTQIP.  75 

ECSURSQIZ  XIII.     BRIF  SQUND  OV  E  (eh). 


breast,  en-gage',  cam'el,  pru'dence,  pen'i-tant,   nov'el,  ad'ded, 
brest      en-gej'       cam'el  pru'dens      peri'i-tent    nev'el    ad'ed 

colo'nel,   bless,   men,  guess,   re'cent,  fer'ry,   mer'ry,   her'o-ine, 
cur'iiel      bles     men    ges        ri'sent    fer'i       mer'i       her'o  in 

ber'ry,  her'e-tic,  her'i-ot,  her'i-tor,  sen'ate,  preface,  del'i-cate, 
ber'i      her'i-tic    her'i-at   her'i-ter   sen'et      prefes      del'i-cet 

mesh,  thread,  trench,  cem'e-ter-y,  stress,  tenth,  em-ploy'ment. 
mes1       Ired        trend     sem'i-ter-i     stres    tent      em-plei'ment 

ECSURSQIZ  XIV.     FUL  SCLUND  OV  £  (eh) 


sleigh,  slay,  sail,  sale,   pail,  pale,  ape,  dey,   day,  veins,  aye, 
sle          sle      sel     sel       pel     pel      ep      de       de      venz     e 

play'er,  cham'ber,  un-feig'ned-ly,  a-e'ri-al,  cha-ot'ic,  ab-stain', 
ple'ur      dem'bur      un-fe'ned-li        e-i'ri-al    ce-et'ic     ab-sten' 

snail,  frail,  raise,  trail,  bray,  nay,  neigh,  prate,   a-vail,    ay, 
snel     frel     rez       trel      bre      ne       ne          pret      a-vel      e 

de-tail',  a-wait',  sailor,  sway,  as-say',  may'or,  plate,  weight. 
di-teT      a-wet'     se'ler      swe      as-se'       me'er      plet      wet 

LESN  VIII.     SQUND  OV  I  (ih). 


Pronauns  tti  wurd  it,  sloli  and  distinctli,  Aen  attempt  tu 
pronanns  it  onutirj  iti  saund  ev  t.  iTi  saund  hurd  iz  a  van  el 
eliment.  Prolend,  it  iz  hurd  in  iti  wurd  pic.  iTis  vauel  saund 
iz  Ai.Frunted  and  Rezd  vauel  fariturmost  rimuvd  from  fti  niu- 
tral  vauel. 

Tu  prodiiis  itis,  iti  closest  ev  Ai  Frunted  and  Rezd  vauel 
saundz,  fors  vocalaizd  bret  from  fti  maul  hwen  iti  maul  6rganz 


76  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

month  organs  are  bronght  as  near  approximation  as  possible 
without  giving  rise  to  a  fricative  utterance.  The  approxima- 
tion is  made  by  placing  the  tip  of  the  tongne  against  the  lower 
incisor  teeth,  depressing  its  root  and  raising  the  middle  front 
part  of  the  tongue  to  near  the  point  in  the  roof  of  the  mouth 
where  a  complete  closure  is  required  to  make  the  sound  of  c 
(kee)  in  cap.  The  prolonged  sound  of  this  vowel  element  is 
heard  in  the  word  eve. 

This  vowel  is  very  close  to  a  consonant,  and  nearly  iden- 
tical in  quality  with  that  of  consonant  y  (yee),  heard  in  ye, 
year,  into  which  sound  it  freely  passes.  In  producing  the 
prolonged  sound  of  this  vowel  the  mouth  organs  are  not  in 
precisely  the  same  position  as  required  to  give  its  brief  sound, 
but  they  are  substantially  in  the  same  position.  Therefore, 
the  sound  of  i  (ee)  in  pique  is  properly  regarded  as  the  pro- 
longed sound  of  i  (ee)  in  pin;  but  because  of  this  slight  dif- 
ference in  quality,  between  the  brief  and  full  soufnds  of  this 
vowel,  the  circumflexed  i  (ee)  is  always  used  in  ordinary  print, 
to  insure  voicing  the  full  sound  by  the  reader.  See  Stan.  Die. 

EXERCISE  XV.  BRIEF  SOUND  OF  I  (ee). 


ill,    fill,    fit,    bit,    rill,    been,    dim,    grit,    rip,    in.    inn,    rim, 
il      fil      fit    bit     ril      bin       dim     grit     rip    in     in       rim 

pret'ty,    e-pis'tle,    el'e-gant,     el'e-ment,     so-ci'e-ty,     crys'tal, 
prit'i        i-pisl         ell-gout      el'i-ment       so-soi'i-ti      cris'tal 

nymph,  syl'van,  lyr'ic,    sym'bol,     yt'tri-a,    spirit,     mir'a-cle, 
iiimf        sil' van     lir'ic      sim'bel       it'ri-a        spir'it      mir'a-cl 

cir'us,    mir'ror,    ir-reg'u-lar,    ir-rev'er-ent,   tick,    e-vent',    flit, 
sir'us     mir'er      ir-reg'yu-lar  ir-rev'ur-ent    tic       i-vent'     flit 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  77 

or  br6t  az  nir  apprecsime§un  az  pesibl  wiftaut  givig  raiz  tu  a 
fricativ  uturans.  iTi  apprecsime§un  iz  med  bai  plesirj  fti  tip  ev 
fti  tui)  agenst  iti  lour  insaiser  tit,  dipresig  its  rut  and  rezig  fti 
midl  frunt  part  ev  iti  turj  tu  nir  fti  point  in  fti  ruf  ev  fti  maul 
hwar  a  cemplit  clozur  iz  ricwaird  tu  mec  fti  saund  ev  c  (ci)  in 
cap.  xTi  prolegd  saund  ev  ftis  vauel  iz  hurd  in  fti  wurd  iv. 


iTis  vauel  iz  veri  clos  tu  a  consonant,  and  nirli  aidentical 
in  cwoliti  wift  ftat  ev  consonant  y  (yi),  hurd  in  yi,  yir,  intu 
hwid  saund  it  frili  pasez.  In  prodiusir)  fti  prolerjd  saund  ev 
ftis  vauel  fti  maul  drganz  ar  not  in  prisaisli  fti  sem  pozi^un  az 
ricwaird  tu  giv  its  brif  saund,  but  fte  ar  substan§ali  in  fti  sem 
pozi§un.  iTarfor,  fti  saund  ev  i  (ih)  in  pic  iz  prepurli  rigarded 
az  fti  prologd  saund  ev  i  (ih)  in  pin;  but  bicez  ev  ftis  slait  dif- 
urens  in  cweliti,  bitwin  fti  brif  and  ful  saundz  ov  ftis  vauel,  fti 
surcumflecst  i  (ih)  iz  elwez  yuzd  in  erdineri  print,  tu  i 
sii)  fti  ful  saund  bai  fti  ridur.  Si  Stan .  Die. 

ECSURSCLIZ  XV.     BRfF  SQUND  OV  I  (ih). 


a-bil'i-ty,  till,  lip,   bus'y,  build,  pin,  it,  e-clipse',  in  fin'i-tive, 
a-bill-ti     til     lip    biz'i       bild      pin   it  i-clips'      in-fin'i-tiv 

pit'y,  bis'cuit,  hab'it,  di-vinl-ty,  cre-ate',  de-lin'e-ate,  re-set', 
pit'i     bis'cit      hab'it    di-vin'i-ti     cri-et'      di-lin'i-et       ri-set' 

re-main',  myth-ol'o-gy,     phthisic,    in'ju-ry,    midge,    ir'i-gate, 
ri-men'      mit-el'o-ji          tiz'ic  in'ju-ri      mij          ir'i-get 

minx,  chintz,  lim'it,  pip'in,   dit'ty,   pit,  grip,  sin,  hip,    trim, 
mirjcs  6ints      lim'it    pip'in    dit'i       pit    grip    sin    hip    trim 


78  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

EXERCISE  XVI.  FULL  SOUND  OF  I  (ee). 


eel,    peat,    peal,    feel,    feet,    seat,    meal,    real,    bean,     deed, 
il       pit       pil       fil       fit       sit       mil       ril       bin        did 

deem,    ream,    steed,    steer,    eve,    ease,    be-lieve',    beech,   we, 
dim       rim       stid        stir        iv       iz         bi-liv'          bid         wi 

niece,    bee,    be,    mien,      mean,    pique   ma-chine',    me'di-nm, 
nis         bi        bi      min         min       pic        ma-§in'         mi'di-um 

seeing,    un-seen'   beet,  beat,    fleet,    teak,    leap,  greet,    reap, 
si'ii)          un-sin'      bit       bit       flit      tic        lip     grit       rip 

LESSON  IX.  DIPHTHONG  (II. 


Pronounce  the  word  vine,  slowly  and  distinctly.  Four 
sounds  are  heard,  namely:  of  v-i(oi)-n.  The  vowel  sounds 
ah  and  ee  are  united  and  represented  by  the  letter  i  (ee), 
which,  when  thus  used,  is  generally  (and  wrongly)  termed 
"long  eye";  less  frequently  (but  correctly)  termed  "diphthong 
eye."  Correct  spelling  requires  diphthongs  to  be  repre- 
sented by  their  elements.  This  system  of  representing  diph- 
thongs is  approved  by  the  American  Philological  Association. 
They  are  thus  expressed  in  the  New  English  Dictionary 
and  in  the  Standard  Dictionary.  The  following  diagram 
illustrates  Jthe  formation  of  diphthong  oi: 


a     

a.     

...    i 

a  

.  .  .  i 

a  

i 

a.  .  .  .i 

ai 

AND    FONOTQIP.  79 

ECSUKSQIZ  XVI.  FLTL  SCLUND  OV  I  (ih). 


beach,  cheap,  steel,  steal,  flee,  flea,  field,  shield,  keep,   me, 
bid        dip        stil      stil      fli      fli      fild     slid        cip      mi 

fee'ble,  he'li-om'i-ter,  po-lice',  ma-rine',  me'ter,  re-ceipt',  beef, 
fi'bl        hi'li-em'i-tur   polis'      ma-rin'      mi'tur   ri-sit'        bif 

se-rine',  screem,  tease,  squeal,  be- siege',  re-prieve',  peo'ple,  see. 
si -rin'     scrim      tiz        scwil      bi-sij'       ri-priv'        pi'pl      si 

be-lief,  tierce,  va-lise',  thief,  bleak,  freak,  seed,  heap,  gee,  sea. 
bi-lif     tirs       va-lis'     tif       blic      fric       sid     hip     ji       si 

LESN  IX.   DIFF0D  CLI. 


Pronauns  fti  wurd  vine  ,  sloli  and  distirjctli.  For  saundz 
ar  hurd,  nemli:  ev  v-i(ai)-n.  H"i  vauel  saundz  a  and  i  ar  yu- 
naited  and  reprizenled  bai  rti  letur  i  (ih),  hwid,  hwen  ctus  yuzd, 
iz  jenurali  (and  renli)  turmd  "lei)  ai";  les  fricwentli  (but  cer- 
rectli)  turmd  "difbeg  ai. "  Correct  spelirj  ricwairz  diftenz  tu  bi 
reprizented  bai  itar  eliments.  H?is  sistem  ev  reprizentii)  diftegz 
iz  appruvd  bai  Ai  CLmerican  Filol6jical  Assosies'un.  fl"e  ar  itus 
ecsprest  in  iti  Mu  Irjgli§  Dic^uneri  and  in  iti  Standard  Dic^un- 
eri,  fl?i  feloig  daiagram  illustrets  iti  f6rme§un  ev  difleg  oi. 


a 

a 

a 

a 

a i 

ai 


80  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

EXEKCISE  XVII.    DIPHTHONG  CLI. 


mine,    fine,    swine,    twine,    fried,    find,    guile,    i'vo-ry,     ire, 
main    fain    swain    twain     fraid    faind  gail      ai'vori     air 

i,   pine,  sigh,  I,  eye,  thy,  height,  fire,  file,    mind,    lie,  lye, 
ai  pain   sai       ai  ai       itai    hait       fair  fail    maind  lai    lai 

style,  sight,  site,  cite,  fly,    sny,  pyre,  pile,  rise,   rice,    mice, 
stail    sait      sait    sait  flai  snai  pair    pail    raiz  rais     mais 

ice,  i'cy,  i'dly,  i'dle,  i'dyl,  i'dol,   i'ron,    i-ri'tis,     aisle,  isle,  my. 
ais   ai'si  ai'dli  ai'dl  ai'dil  ai'del  ai'urn  ai-rai'tis  ail      ail    mai 

LESSON  X.     DIPHTHONG  CLtL 


Pronounce  the  word  out,  slowly  and  distinctly.  Three 
sounds  are  heard:  au-t.  The  vowel  sounds  ah  and  oo  are  uni- 
ted and  represented  by  ou  instead  of  by  au,  the  letters  as- 
signed by  the  American  Philological  Association  to  represent 
the  elements  which  form  this  diphthong,  and  which  are  used 
in  the  New  English  Dictionary  and  in  the  Standard  Diction- 
ary to  express  it. 

The  following  diagram  illustrates  the  formation  of  diph- 
thong au: 

a. .  .  u 


a  

11 

a.  

u 

a.  ,  .  .  . 

u 

a. 

.u 

au 
EXERCISE  XVIH.     DIPHTHONG  QU. 


on,    out,  thou,  plough,  cow,    now,  our,    hour,    bow,    bough, 
au    aut  itau    plau        cau    nau    aur    aur       bau    bau 


AND  FONOTOIP. 
ECSURSQIZ  XVII.     DIFTOD  OI. 


sky,  de-fy',  dy'ing,  knife,   crime,   fight,   wild,    side,    island, 
seal  di-fai'  dai'ig     naif      craim    fait      waild  said     ai'land 

vile,   tried,  i'vy,  try,   nigh,   shy,   ri'fle,    ti'tle,     jus'ti-fi'a-ble, 
vail    traid    ai'vi  trai  nai       s"ai      rai'fl   tai'tl     jus'ti-fai'a-bl 

i-de'a,   ply,   di-am'e-ter,  i'dol-ize,  i'dyl-ist,   ri'val,    bile,   dine, 
ai-di'a  plai  dai-am'i-tur  oi'del-aiz  ai'dil-ist   rai'val  bail    dain 

mile,  might,   mite,   pie,   bide,  ride,   chide,    lime,   rind,  spike., 
mail    mait      mait    pal    bald   raid    daid      laim    raind  spaic 

LESN  X.     DIFTOD  QU. 


Pronauns  fti  wurd  out,  sloli  and  distigctli.  Tri  sanndz 
ar  hard:  au-t.  ITi  vauel  saundz  d  and  ft  ar  yunaited  and  rep- 
rizented  bai  ou  insted  ev  bai  au,  iti  leturz  assaind  bai  iti  Qmer- 
ican  Filolejical  Assosies"un  tu  reprizent  Ai  eliments  hwid  f6rm 
itis  dif  ten,  and  hwic1  ar  yiizd  in  iti  Niu  Ingli^  Dic§uneri  and  in 
iti  Standard  Dics"uneri  tn  ecspres  it. 

Si  feloig  daiagram  illustrets  iti  fermes'un  ev  difteij  au. 


a  

u 

a  

u 

a  

u 

a  

.  u 

a  

.u 

au 

ECsuEsaiz  xvm.   DIFTOD  an. 


mouth,  trout,   round,   spout,   mouse,   pound,   fount,     nouns, 
maul      traut    raund    spaut   maus      paund    faunt      naunz 


82  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

town,  tow'el,  mound,  found,  vow,  row,  pout,  bout,  cow'ard. 
taun    tau'el  maund   faund    vau    rau    paut    baut    cau'ard 

how,  owl,  scowl,  sound,  rout,  scow,  ground,  bound,  al-low', 
hau    aul     scaul    saund  rftut    scau    graund    baund   al-lau' 

gout,  bow' wow',  bounce,  ounce,  sour,   vouch,   couch,   wound, 
gaut    bau'wau'    bauiis      auiis      saur    vaud      cau6      waund 

LESSON  XI.     DIPHTHONG  ItL 


Pronounce  the  word  new,  slowly  and  distinctly.  Three 
sounds  are  heard:  n-iu.  The  vowel  sounds  ee  and  oo  are  uni- 
ted and  represented  by  ew  instead  of  by  iu,  the  letters  assigned 
by  the  American  Philological  Association  to  represent  the  ele- 
ments which  form  this  diphthong,  and  which  are  used  in  the 
Standard  Dictionary  and  in  the  New  English  Dictionary  to 
express  it. 

This  diphthong  is  frequently  represented  in  current  spell- 
ing by  a  single  letter  u  (oo),  which,  when  used  for  this  purpose, 
is  generally  (and  wrongly)  termed  "long  u  (yoo);  "  less  fre- 
quently (but  correctly)  termed  L  'diphthong  u  (yoo).  '  ' 

The  following  diagram  illustrates  the  formation  of  diph- 
thong iu: 

i  ......................  u 

i  ..................  u 


i  ..........  u 

i  ......  u 

iu 

EXERCISE  XIX.      DIPHTHONG  ItL 


u,    duration,    mute,  music,   few,  fuse,  due,   dew,   tube,  sue, 
iu    diureshun  miut     miuzic   fiu     fiuz     diu     dift      tiub    sift 


AND  FONOTQIP.  83 

mount,   tout,    south,   plow,   pouch,    vouched,    blouse,    doubt, 
maunt    taut    saut       plau    paud       vaudt         blauz      daut 

proud,   pounce,    flout,   rouse,   count,   cowl,    pow'er,    pow'der, 
praud    pauns       flaut    rauz      caunt    caul     pau'ur    pau'dur 

out'ward,    ow'lish,    tow'er,    a-bout',    browse,  hound,  out'scout. 
aut'ward    au'li§       tau'ur    a-baut      brauz      haund  aut'scaut 

LESN  XL     DIFTOD  ItL 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  new,  sloli  and  distigctli.  Tri  saundz 
ar  hurd:  n-iu.  fTi  vauel  saundz  i  and  u  ar  yunaited  and  rep- 
rizented  boi  ew  insted  ev  bai  iu,  iti  leturz  assaind  bai  iti  CLraeri- 
can  Filolejical  Assosie^un  tu  reprizent  Ai  eliments  hwid  ferm  itis 
diflen,  and  hwid  ar  yuzd  in  iti  Standard  Dic^uneri  and  in  iti 
Mu  Iggi§  Dic§aneri  tu  ecspres  it. 


ITis  difteg  iz  fricwentli  reprizented  in  curent  spelii)  bai  a 
singl  letur  u  (u),  hwid,  hwen  yuzd  for  itis  purpus,    iz  jenarali 
(and  renli)  turmd  4  'leg  u(yu);"  les  fricwentli  (but  cerrectli) 
turmd  ^'difteg  u  (yu).  " 

ffi  feloig  daiagram  illustrets  iti  f6rme§un  ev  difteg  iu. 
i  ......................  u 

i  ..................  u 

i  ..............  u 

i  ..........  u 

i  ......  u 

iu 

ECSURSQIZ  XIX.     DIF¥OD  ItL 


ad-duce',  mu-lat/to  hu-mane',  as-sume',  ac-cu'sing,  mewl,  mule, 
ad-dius'    miu-lat'o  hiu-men;    as-sium'   ac-ciu'zig     miul     miul 


84  MOTT'S     FON0LOJI 

new,    pew,  dew,    pure,  pu'piL  fu'el,  du'ty,  lew,  lieu,    mew, 
nift      pift     dift      piur    piu'pil  fift'el  diiVti   lift     lift      miu 
beau'ty,  sew'age,  su'et,  pu'iiy,  fu'sil,  pu'trid,  few,    hue,  hew, 
bift'ti       sift'ej        sift'et  pift'ni    fiu'zil  piu'trid  fift      hiu    nift 
whew,  stew,  suit,  fume,   hu'man.  lute,  tune,   cu'pid,    a- cute', 
hwift     stift     siut    fiftm     hiu'man  liut    tiftn     ciu'pid   a-ciut' 

LESSON    XII.     DIPHTHONG    01. 


Pronounce  the  word  oil,  slowly  and  distinctly.  Three 
sounds  are  heard:  ei-1.  The  vowel  sounds  awe  and  ee  are  uni- 
ted and  represented  by  oi  instead  of  by  ei,  the  letters  as- 
signed by  the  American  Philological  Association  to  represent 
the  elements  which  form  this  diphthong,  and  which  are  used 
in  the  Standard  Dictionary  to  express  it. 

The  following  diagram  illustrates  the  formation  of  diph- 
thong ei: 

e. .  .i 


0            

i 

e  

i 

e  

.  .i 

e 

i 

0i 

EXERCISE  XX.     DIPHTHONG  OI. 


oint,  oil,  noise,  a- void',  boy,  boil,  toy,  toil,  soil,  joy,  loi'ter, 
0int  0il  n0iz  a- void'  b0i  boil  tei  toil  soil  j0i  10i'tur 
coy,  coil,  join,  point,  moist,  hoist,  quoin,  poise,  poi'son. 
c0i  coil  join  peint  moist  hoist  coin  peiz  poi'zn 
poig'nant,  noi'sy,  re-joice',  em-broi'der-y,  coin,  loin,  foist, 
poi'nant  n0i'zi  ri-j0is'  em-broi'dur-i  coin  loin  foist 
oys'ter,  cloi'ly,  an-noy'  doily,  clois'ter,  toilet,  en-joy',  oily, 
©is'tur  c!0ili  an-noi'  d0ili  clois'tur  toilet  en-j0i'  ei'li 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  85 

duke,    dude,    du-dine'  du-et',  du'el,    rev'e-nue,    cu'bic,    cube 
diuc      diud     diu-din'   diu-et'  diu'el   revl-niu      ciu'bic  ciub' 
im-bue',  res'i-due,  beau'ti-ful,  a-dieu',  cu'bit,    Cu'ban,  curlew, 
im-biu'    rezl-diu    biu'ti-ful      a-diu'    ciu'bit  Ciu'ban  cur'M 
cu'ti-cle,  cute,  cu'tose,    cu-vette',    dewlap,     du'ti-ous,    dune, 
ciu'ti-cl     ciut    ciu'tds      ciu-vet'       diulap      diu'ti-us     diun 

LESN    XII.     DIFTOD    OL 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  oil,  sloli  and  distigctli.  ¥ri  saundz 
ar  hurd:  ei-1.  JTi  vauel  saundz  6  and  i  ar  yunaited  and  repri- 
zented  bai  oi  insted  ev  bai  ei,  Ai  leturz  assaind  bai  rti  CLmeri- 
can  Filolejical  Assosie^un  tu  reprizent  iti  eliments  hwid  f6rm 
itis  difteg,  and  hwid  ar  yuzd  in  iti  Standard  Dic§uneri  tu  ecs- 
pres  it. 

JTi  f eloig  daiagram  illustrets  fti  fdrme^un  ev  difbeg  ei. 

e i 

e i 

e i 

e ,..i 

0 i 

01 

ECSUKSCLIZ  XX.     DIFTOD  OI. 


coign,  roil,   cloy,  droit,  foi'ble,   goi'ter,  groi'ner,  groin,   hoy, 
cein      reil     clei    dreit    fei'bl      gei'tur    grei'nur  grein    hei 
hoi'den,  foil,  oilet,   poy,   poig'nan-cy,   poin'ted,     poi-menlcs, 
hei'dn      feil    eilet    pei     pei'nan-si       pein'ted      pei-menlcs 
quoit,  em-ploy',  oil'stone,  voi'da-ble,  toiling,  soiling,  broiled, 
cweit    em-plei     eil'stdn      vei'da-bl     teilii)     seilig      breild 
voice,  voiced,  voi'cing,  voy'age,  a-roint',  boy'cott,  bois'ter-ous. 
veis     veist      vei'sig      vei'ej       a-reint'  bei'cet     beis'tur-us 


MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 
ANALYSIS  OF  THE  CONSONANT  SOUNDS. 


The  following  diagram  is  presented  to  facilitate  compre- 
hension of  the  positions  of  the  mouth  organs  (lips,  tongue,  and 
palate),  while  uttering  the  different  consonant  sounds.  Its 
value  for  this  purpose  will  be  readily  seen,  after  having  read 
the  instructions  for  the  production  of  the  sounds. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  CONSONANT  SOUNDS. 


W 

1.  Quality. 
LABIAL.            LINGUAL.            PALATAL. 

LETTERS.             NAMES.                   LETTERS.               NAMES.                      LETTERS.            NAMES. 

<-  Surd      P    p       pee           T    t        tee            C    c        kee      ^  J 
Sonant  B    b       bee           D   d       dee           G-    g        ghee   \  ^ 

Surd       F     f 

eff           T    1       ith    1  1    ®    <5       chee    -N  & 

*  < 

Sonant    V     V 

vee           S    A       thee/|    J     j        jay       1  J 

o 
o 

Surd,  sibilant 

S    s        ess            ft    3       ish      [f 

^  Sonant,  sibilant 

Z    z         zee             YL     z        zhee   J  ^ 

Sonant    M    m 

em           N    n        en            D    g       ing      *)  | 

Sonant    W   W 

woo          LI        ell            Y    y       yee 

Sonant 

R    r        ar 

& 

Surd 

H    h      hee 

2.  Character. 

EXPLODENTS. 

CONTINUANTS.            CONTINUANTS. 

LETTERS.            NAMES. 

LETTERS.                 NAMES.                                                     LETTERS.                NAMES 

P  p        pee 
B  b        bee 

F  f          eff                        /LI          ell 

Liquids 

V  v          vee                       I  E  r         ar 

T  t        tee 

¥    *           lth          Coalescents  {  W  W          ™ 

D  d        dee 

IT  it        thee                      I  Y  y         yee 

0 

d        chee 

S   s          ess                        |^M  m         em 

J 

j         jay 

Z    z          zee        Nasal  Liq'g  <  N  n         en 

C 

c        kee 

vB.  §          ish                        ^  D  g          ing 

Q 

g        ghee 

TL  z         zhee      Aspirate        H  h         hee 

AND    FONOTOIP. 


87 


CLNALISIS  OV  iTI  CONSONQNT  SQUISTDZ. 


iTi  foloig  daiagram  iz  prizented  tu  fasilitet  cemprihen^un 
ev  Ai  pozis"unz  0v  Ai  maul  erganz  (lips,  tug,  and  palet),  hwail 
uturirj  Ai  difurent  consonant  saundz.  Its  valyu  fer  Ais  purpus 
wil  bi  redili  sin,  aftur  havig  red  Ai  instrucs'unz  fer  Ai  produc- 
§un  ev  Ai  saundz. 

CLASIFIC&&UN  OV  CONSONQNT  SQUNDZ. 


LEBICLL. 

1.   Cw01iti. 
LIDGWQL. 

PALQTQL. 

LETURZ. 

NEMZ 

LETURZ 

NEMZ. 

LCTURZ 

NCMZ. 

*    f  S«rd 

P 

P 

PI 

T 

t 

ti 

C 

c 

ci  • 

W 

Sonant 

B 

b 

bi 

D 

d 

di 

G 

g 

H 

Surd 

F 

f 

ef 

¥ 

I 

il  \* 

€ 

a 

tt" 

2i  < 

Sonant 

V 

V 

vi 

IT 

A 

Ai/! 

J 

j 

O 
O 

Surd,  sibilant 

S 

s 

es 

a 

g 

id 

u 

^  Sonant, 

sibilant 

Z 

z 

zi 

a 

z 

zi  J 

Sonant 

M 

m 

em 

N 

n 

en 

D 

g 

ig  "| 

Sonant 

W 

w 

wu 

L 

1 

el 

Y 

y 

•j 

Sonant 

R 

r 

ar 

I 

u« 


Surd 


ECSPL6DENTS. 


p  p 

Pi 

B  b 

bi 

T  t 

ti 

D  d 

di 

€  d 

di 

J    J 

j§ 

C  c 

ci 

&     g 

8* 

H   h      hi 
2.  Caractur. 

CONTEST  YIIQNTS.      CONTINYUCLNTS. 


Licwidz 


Coaleseiits 


Lic'z 


Aspiret 


LETURZ. 

F  f 

NEMZ. 

ef 

V  v 

vi 

T  t 

it 

fl?  A 

Ai 

8     8 

es 

Z    z 

zi 

Jl  i 

i§ 

Z.  I 

zi 

LETURZ. 

|L   1 
IB  r 

NCMZ 

el 

ar 

/  W  w 

wu 

1.Y  y 

yi 

JM  m 

em 

j  N  n 

en 

(e  g 

H  h 

ig 

hi 

88  MQTT'S    FON0LOJI 

LESSON  XIII.     SOUND  OF  P. 


Pronounce  the  word  pip,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
and  the  last  sound  heard,  when  the  word  pip  is  spoken,  is  the 
consonant  sound  represented  by  the  letter  p.  This  sound  is  a 
surd,  labial,  mute,  corresponding  to  the  sound  of  b,  as  sonant, 
and  to  that  of  m,  as  nasal.  This  sound  is  made  by  a  complete 
closure  of  the  lips,  during  the  maintenance  of  which  closure 
there  is  complete  silence,  its  character  being  disclosed  only 
by  emission  of  voiceless  breath  on  explosion  or  breach  of  the 
contact. 

EXERCISE  XXI.  SOUND  OF  P. 


pit,  peep,  speak,    spo'ken,  o'pen,  spade,  pill,  grip,  hap'pen, 
pit    pip      spic       spd'cn      6'pn      sped      pil     grip    hap'n 

lap,  mop,  pomp,  ripe,  map,  plot,  top,  prance,  prank,  purr, 
lap    mep    pomp    raip    map    plot    top    prans      pranc     pur 

type,  pies,  spoil,  spout,  spank,  heap,   steep,  sleep,  whis'per, 
toip    paiz  spoil    spaut    spagc    hip       stip      slip      hwis'pur 

stop,  hops,  hope,  price,  prize,  push,  whip,    thump,    scrape, 
step    heps    h6p      prais    praiz   pu§       hwip     lump       screp 

LESSON  XIV,     SOUND  OF  B. 


Pronounce  the  word  bib,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
and  the  last  sound  heard,  when  the  word  bib  is  spoken,  is  the 
consonatit  sound  represented  by  the  letter  b.  This  sound  is  a 
sonant,  labial,  mute,  corresponding  to  the  sound  of  p,  as  surd, 
and  to  that  of  m,  as  nasal.  This  sound  is  made  by  a  complete 
closure  of  all  exit  of  breath  from  the  mouth,  but  with  accom- 


AND  FONOTdlP. 
LESN  XIII.     SdUND  OV  P. 


Pronauns  fti  wurd  pip,  sloli  and  distigctli,  ffi  furst  and 
fti  last  saund  hurd,  hwen  fti  wurd  pip  iz  spocn,  iz  fti  censonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  fti  letur  p.  ITis  saund  iz  a  surd,  lebial, 
mint,  cerespendig  tu  tti  saund  ov  b,  az  sonant,  and  tu  m,  az  ne- 
zal.  ITis  saund  iz  med  bai  a  cemplit  clozur  ev  fli  lips,  diurig 
fti  meritenans  ev  hwid  clozur  ftar  iz  cemplit  soilens,  its  caractur 
biig  disclozd  onli  bai  imi^un  ev  veisles  brel  en  eesplozun  6r  brid 
ev  Ai  contact. 

ECSURSOLIZ  XXI.    SdUND  OV  P. 


pip,  post,  lamp,  pipe,  snipe,  proud,    pru'dence,  spare,   rope, 
pip    p6st    lamp    paip   snaip    praud    pru'dens     spar      r6p 

parch,  spray,  pen'cil,  pen'sile,  peo'ple,  purge,  pat,  rip,  pop, 
pare*      spre      pen'sil    pen'sil      pi'pl        purj       pat    rip  pep 

jump,  bump,  slap,  pup,  spring,  strip,  prime,    proof,    tramp, 
jump    bump    slap    pup    sprig      strip    praim    pruf      tramp 

trap,  cramp,  crimp,  romp,   pore,    yelp,  whelp,    flap,     stamp, 
trap    cramp    crimp    remp    pdr      yelp    hwelp    flap     stamp 

LESN  XIV.     SCLUND  OV  B. 


Pronauns  tti  wurd  bib,  sloli  and  distigctli.  ITi  furst  and 
Ai  last  saund  hurd,  hwen  fti  wurd  bib  iz  spocn,  iz  fti  censonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  fti  letur  b.  ITis  saund  iz  a  sonant,  lebi- 
al, miut,  cerespendig  tu  tti  saund  ev  p,  az  surd,  and  tu  itat  ev 
m,  az  nezal.  ITis  saund  iz  med  bai  a  cemplit  clozur  ev  61  ecs- 
it  ev  brel  frem  fti  maul,  but  wift  accumpaniig  vaibreSunz  ev  iti 


90  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

panying  vibrations  of  the  vocal  chords,  the  current  of  air, 
necessary  to  produce  this,  being  driven  from  the  lungs  into  the 
cavity  of  the  mouth. 

EXERCISE  XXII.  SOUND  OF  B. 


bib,  bale,  bail,  blab,  bread,  blessed,  slab,  grab,  stab,    bulb, 
bib    bel      bel     blab    bred      blest        slab    grab   stab    bulb 

blood,   burn,  tub,   cab'in,  bloat,  bay,  bey,  ob-ject',  jab,    by, 
blud      burn    tub    cab'in    b!6t      be      be      eb-ject'    jab     bed 

box,   blue,  robbed,  ebb,  bug,  stub,  babe,  fa'ble,  ta'ble,  a'ble, 
bees  blu      rebd        eb      bug    stub    beb     fe'bl     te'bl     e'bl 

buy,  rub,  drub,  brink,  boast,  bone,  bowl,  shrub,  both,  bite, 
bed     rub    drub    brine     b6st      b6n     b61      grub     bot      bait 

LESSON  XV.      SOUND  OF  T. 


Pronounce  the  word  tent,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
and  the  last  sound  heard,  when  the  word  tent  is  spoken,  is  the 
consonant  sound  represented  by  the  letter  t.  This  is  a  surd, 
lingual,  mute,  corresponding  to  the  sound  of  d,  as  sonant,  and 
to  that  of  n,  as  nasal.  This  sound  is  produced  by  a  complete 
closure  by  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
at  or  near  a  point  near  to  or  even  touching  the  upper  teeth, 
during  the  maintenance  of  which  closure  there  is  complete  si- 
lence, its  character  being  disclosed  only  by  emission  of  breath 
from  the  mouth  on  the  explosion  or  breach  of  the  closure. 
This  sound  is  frequently  called  dental,  but  the  teeth  have 
nothing  to  do  with  the  utterance. 

EXERCISE  XXIII.  SOUND  OF  T. 


tent,  tint,  tart,  tray,  stripe,  twirl,    twit,    twist,    rest,    strut, 
tent    tint    tdrt    tre      strolp    twurl    twit     twist    rest     strut 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  91 

vocal  c6rdz,  iti  curent  ev  ar,  neseseri  tu  prodius  itis,  biig  drivn 
frem  iti  lugz  intu  iti  caviti  ev  iti  maul. 

i 

ECSURSQIZ  xxii.    SQUND  ev  B. 


cab'bage,  bright,  bi-ol'o-gy,   bride,    brine,    bind,    job,    bight, 
cab'ej         brait      bai-el'o-ji   braid    brain     baind  job     bait 

bird,  blade,  brake,  break,  brag,  cab,  bye,  buzz,  but,  squab, 
burd  bled     brec      brec       brag    cab    bai     buz      but    scweb 

buss,  butt,  busk,  ca'ble,  ca-bal',  rib,  ra-bat',  rab'bit,  rab'bet, 
bus     but      busc    ce'bl     ca-bal'    rib    ra-bd'   rab'it      rab'et 

rab'ot,  rabid,  rob,  re-bel',  reb'el,  se'bum,    grub,  swab,  scab, 
rab'et    rab'id    reb    ri-bel'     reb'el    si'bum     grub    sweb,  scab 

LESN  XV.     SCtUND  OV  T. 


Pronauiis  iti  wurd  tent,  sloli  and  distigctli.  Si  furst  and 
iti  last  saund  hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  tent  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  fti  letur  t.  iTis  iz  a  surd,  liggwal,  mint, 
cerespendig  tu  iti  saund  ev  d,  az  sonant,,  and  tu  flat  ev  n  az 
nezal.  K"is  saund  iz  prodiust  bai  a  cemplit  clozur  bai  iti  tip 
ev  tti  tug  agenst  tti  rM  ev  iti  maul,  at  6r  nir  a  peint  nir  tu  6r 
ivn  tudig  iti  upur  tit,  diurig  iti  mentenans  ev  hwid  clozur  itar 
iz  cemplit  sailens,  its  caractur  biig  disclozd  onli  bai  imis'un  ev 
brel  frem  iti  maul  en  iti  ecsplozun  ev  iti  cloiur.  JTis  saund 
iz  fricwentli  cdld  dental,  but  iti  til  hav  nulig  tu  du  witt  its  ut- 
urans. 

ECSURSQIZ  XXIII.     SQUND  OV  T. 


tip,  tract,  taint,  start,  swift,   lift,  talk,   trait,    heat,    tat'tle, 
tip    tract    tent     start    swift    lift    tec       tret      hit       tat'l 


92  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

state,  stake,   steak,  stain,  malt,  halt,  paste,  taste,   tip,  bolt, 
stet      stec      stec       sten     melt    holt    pest      test      tip    bdlt 

told,   ex-hib'it,  eat,  slate,  tough,  treat,  street,  toast,  pressed, 
tdld     eg-zib'it     it      slet      tuf        trit      strit     tdst      prest 

stew,  strew,  con-strue',  bent,  hint,  mist,  missed,  ad-dressed', 
stiu     stru      cen-stru'      bent    hint    mist    mist       ad-drest' 

LESSON  XVI.     SOUND  OF  D. 


Pronounce  the  word  did,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
and  last  sound  heard,  when  the  word  did  is  spoken,  is  the  con- 
sonant sound  represented  by  the  letter  d.  This  is  a  sonant, 
lingual,  mute,  corresponding  to  the  sound  of  t,  as  surd,  and  to 
that  of  n,  as  nasal.  This  sound  is  made  by  a  complete  closure 
as  described  for  producing  the  sound  of  t,  but  with  accompany- 
ing vibrations  of  the  vocal  chords. 

EXERCISE  XXIV.  SOUND  OF  D. 


did,  dread,  dead,  deed,  da'do,  dold,  dumb,  dome,  def'i-nite, 
did    dred      ded      did      de'dd    ddld    dum     dom      defi-nit 

done,  dun,  date,  debt,  dirge,  add,  odd,  nod,  sod,  paid,  dip, 
dun      dun    det      det      durj     ad      ed      ned  sod    ped     dip 

said,  staid,  stayed,  guide,  guyed,  maid,    made,    read,    read, 
sed     sted     sted        gold      gaid       med      med       red       rid 

spread,  shed,  head,  mold,  mould,   drachm,  raids,  spades,  dog. 
spred     s"ed      hed     mdld  mdld      dram        redz     spedz      dog 

LESSON  XVII.     SOUND  OF  €=Ch  (chee) 


Pronounce  the  word  church,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The 
first  and  the  last  sound,  heard  when  the  word  church  is  spoken, 
is  the  consonant  sound  represented  by  the  new  latter  8  (chee), 
added  to  the  alphabet  to  represent  this  sound  only,  the  Eng- 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  93 

mint,  print,  wilt,  bait,  bate,  bat,  tab,  best,  be-troth',  bet'ty, 
mint  print  wilt  bet  bet  bat  tab  best  bi-trel  bet'i 
but,  butt,  tub,  bat'tle,  bit,  bitt,  blot,  boat,  bot,  lot,  time, 
but  but  tub  bat'l  bit  bit  blot  b6t  bet  lot  taim 
count,  court,  cat'tail,  cat'tle,  rat,  tar,  art,  not,  naught,  oat. 
caunt  cort  cat'tel  cat'l  rat  tdr  art  net  net  6t 

LESN  XVI.     SdUND  OV  D. 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  did,  sloli  and  distinctli.  iTi  furst  and 
last  saund  hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  did  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  d.  fTis  iz  a  sonant,  liggwal, 
miut,  cerespendiq  tu  iti  saund  ev  t,  az  surd,  and  tu  itat  ev  n  az 
nezal.  iTis  saund  iz  med  bai  a  cemplit  clozur  az  discraibd  for 
prodiusig  iti  saund  ev  t,  but  wiit  accumpaniig  vaibre^unz  ev  iti 
vocal  c6rdz. 

ECSUESQIZ  XXIV.     SaUND  OV  D. 


de-pend',  di-rect\  lead,  lead,   ad-mit',    di-vide',    dime,    bread, 
di-pend'     di-rect'    lid      led     ad-mit'  di-vaid'     daim    bred 

skid,  tod'dle,  def'i-cit,  blades,  dab,    bad,  mad,  dame,    draw, 
scid    ted'l        defi-sit    bledz       dab    bad    mad    dem       dre 

dale,  lade,  lad,  cord,  held,  hold,   end,  den,  dear,  deer,  pod, 
del      led      lad    cord    held    h61d     end    den    dir     dir      pod 

feud,  fade,  deaf,  deal,  deck,  ward,  sold,  fold,    gold,    blood, 
fiud    fed     def      dil      dec      w6rd    sold    f61d     g61d    blud 

LESN  XVII.     SCLUND  OV  C=Ch  (<3i). 

Pronauns  iti  wurd  durd,  sloli  and  distinctli.  iTi  furst  and 
iti  last  saund  hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  (Jure1  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  iti  niu  letur  d  (di),  aded  tu  iti  alf abet  tu 
reprizent  itis  saund  onli,  iti  Ingli§  alfabet  havig  no  letur  for  it. 


94  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

lish  alphabet  having  no  letter  for  it.  The  action  taken  by 
philologists,  giving  to  this  sound  alphabetic  representation,  re- 
futes the  statement  frequently  made,  and  found  in  dictionaries 
arid  schoolbooks,  that  this  sound  is  compound;  is  that  of  t  and 
sh  (ish)=tsh.  The  sound  of  ch  (chee)  in  church  can  not  be  pro- 
duced with  the  mouth  organs  in  position  to  utter  either  of  the 
sounds  of  this  combination.  By  uttering  the  sound  of  t,  fol- 
lowed by  that  of  sh  (ish)  in  ship,  and  then  that  of  ch  (chee)  in 
chip,  the  change  in  the  position  of  the  tongue,  to  make  the 
latter  sound,  can  be  felt  as  it  occurs.  By  standing  before  a 
mirror  and  alternately  uttering  the  sound  of  ch  (chee)  in  church, 
and  the  combined  sounds,  represented  by  tsh,  the  movement  of 
the  tongue,  and  the  change  of  its  position  within  the  mouth, 
can  be  observed.  The  senses  of  feeling,  seeing,  and  hearing, 
disclose  the  fact  that  the  sound  of  ch  (chee),  in  church,  is  not 
that  of  tsh,  nor  of  any  other  combination  of  sounds,  but  is  as 
pure  a  consonant  as  any  in  the  English  language.  Ch  is  a  pal- 
atal, explodent;  sh  is  a  palatal,  continuant. 

This  sound,  d,  is  a  surd,  palatal,  fricative,  corresponding  to 
the  sound  of  j,  as  sonant.  It  is  produced  by  a  complete  clo- 
sure of  the  mouth  back  of  the  point  for  the  production  of  the 
sound  of  t,  its  character  being  fully  disclosed  only  by  forcing 
from  the  mouth  nonsonant  breath  at  the  instant  of  the  ex- 
plosion or  breach  of  the  closure. 

EXERCISE  XXV.  SOUND  OF  C=Ch  (di> 

church,  chin,  chip,  chap,  chess,  cheer,  cheese,  choice,    chew, 
durd         din      dip      dap      des       dir       diz          deis         dii 
check,  choke,  champ,  change,  chain,   chime,  march,    starch, 
dec         d6c        damp       denj         den        daim      mdrd       stdrd 
match,  hatch,  birch,  much,  chafe,  charge,  chalk,  chat,  chill, 
mad        had       burd     mud      def       ddrj       d6c        dat      dil 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  95 

fTi  ac§un  teen  bai  iti  filelojists,  givii)  tu  itis  saund  alfabetic 
reprizente^un,  rifiuts  iti  stetment  fricwentli  med,  and  faund  in 
dic^uneriz  and  in  sculbucs,  Aat  ttis  sauiid  iz  cempaund;  iz  itat 
ev  t  and  d  (i§)=t3.  ITi  saund  ev  d  (di)  in  durd  can  net  bi  pro- 
diust  wiit  Ai  maul  6rganz  in  pozi^un  tu  utur  ittur  ev  iti  saundz 
ev  Ais  cembine^un.  Bai  uturig  iti  saund  ev  t,  felod  bai  Aat 
ev  §  (i§)  in  ^ip,  and  tten  ttat  ev  d  (di)  in  dip,  iti  denj  in  iti  pozi- 
Sun  ev  iti  tun,  tu  mec  iti  latur  saund,  can  bi  felt  az  it  eccurz. 
Bai  standig  bifdr  a  mirer  and  alturnetli  uturig  Ai  saund  ev  d(di) 
in  durd,  and  iti  cembaind  saundz,  reprizented  bai  t§,  iti  muv- 
ment  ev  iti  tun,  and  iti  denj  ev  its  pezi^un  wiitin  iti  maul,  can 
bi  ebzurvd.  ITi  sensez  ev  filin,  siig,  and  hirin,  discloz  iti  fact 
itat  iti  saund  ev  d  (di),  in  durd,  iz  net  itat  ev  t§,  n6r  ev  eni  uitur 
cembine^un  ev  saundz,  but  iz  az  piur  a  consonant  az  eni  in  iti 
IggliiHaggwej.  6  iz  a  palatal,  ecsplodent;  §  iz  a  palatal,  con- 
tinyuant. 


ffis  saund,  d,  iz  a  surd,  palatal,  fricativ,  cerespendii)  tu 
j,  az  sonant.  It  iz  prodiust  bai  a  cemplit  clozur  ev  iti  maul 
bac  ev  iti  point  f6r  iti  produc^un  ev  iti  saund  ev  t,  its  caractur 
biii)  fuli  disclozd  onli  bai  forsig  from  iti  maul  nensonant  brel 
at  iti  instant  ev  iti  ecsploiun  6r  brid  ev  iti  cloiur. 

EGSUKSQIZ  XXV.     SQUND  0V  G=Ch  (di). 

chest,  chase,  chide,  quench,  stench,  brooch,    crutch,    broach, 
dest     des        daid     cwend      stend      brdd        crud        brod 
batch,  cheat,  charm,  choose,  smirch,  cho'sen,   cha'sten,  chat, 
bad        dit         ddrm      duz          smurd     dd'zn        de'sn         dat 
trench,  wrench,  chis'el,  chink,  latch,  chop,  chair,  choc'o-late, 
trend      rend         diz'el     dine      lad       dep     dar       dec'o-let 


96  MOTTS    FON0LOJI 

chock,  chore,  child,  chick,  cheek,  fetch,  bench,  branch,  leach, 
dec        d6r       doild  die        die        fed       bend      brand      lid 

LESSON  XVIII.      SOUND  OF  J. 


Pronounce  the  word  jet,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  jet  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  j .  The  statement  is  often  made 
and  can  be  found  in  dictionaries  and  in  schoolbooks,  that  this 
sound  is  compound,  said  to  be  the  sounds  of  d  and  zh=dzh. 

The  senses  of  feeling,  seeing,  and  hearing,  used  as  de- 
scribed to  prove  that  the  sounds  of  tsh  are  not  heard  in  the 
word  church,  will  prove  that  the  sound  of  j,  in  jet,  is  as  pure  a 
consonant  element  as  is  the  sound  of  b.  J  is  an  explodent;  zh 
is  a  continuant. 

The  sound  of  j  is  a  sonant,  palatal,  fricative,  corresponding 
to  the  sound  of  the  letter  chee,  as  surd.  It  is  produced  by  pla- 
cing the  mouth  organs  in  position  to  produce  the  sound  of  ch 
(chee),  in  chip,  and  forcing  from  the  mouth  sonant  breath  at 
the  instant  of  the  explosion  or  breach  of  the  closure. 

EXERCISE  XXVI.  SOUND  OF  J. 


judge,  gem,  jet,   gill,  gist,    gibe,    joke,    jug,    hedge,  wedge, 
juj        jem    jet    jil      jist     jaib     jdc       jug     hej        wej 

pledge,  just,   germ,  jade,  jay,  jail,   jest,  jus'tice,  fudge,  gin, 
plej         just    jurm     jed      je       jel     jest  jus'tis      fuj        jin 

budge,  grudge,  smudge,  gip'sy,  gen'der,  gen'tle,  jos'tle,  Jew. 
buj         gruj         smuj         jip'si     jen'dur    jen'tl     jes'l       Ju 

gib'bet,  gi'ant,  jib,    gen'ius,  gen-teel',  ge-ol'o-gy,  ed-u-ca'tion. 
jib'et      jai'antjib    jin'yus     jen-til'      ji-el'o-ji       ej-u-ce^uu 


AND  FCHSTOTOIP.  97 

chirr,   chard,  twitch,  flinch,  bunch,  lunch,  hunch,   munched, 
dur       ddrd      twid        flind     bund      lund     hund       mundt 


LESN  XVIII.     SCLUND  OV  J. 


Pronauns  tti  wurd  jet,  sloli  and  distinct]!,  iTi  furst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  jet  iz  spocn,  iz  tti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zeiited  bai  iti  letur  j.  Hi  stetmeiit  iz  efn  med  and  can  bi 
faund  in  dic§uneriz  and  in  sculbucs,  ttat  itis  saund  iz  cem- 
paund,  sed  tu  bi  tti  saundz  ev  d  and  z=dz. 

iTi  sensez  ©v  filig,  siin,  and  hirin,  yuzdaz  discraibd  tu 
pruv  Aat  iti  saundz  ev  is*  ar  net  hurd  in  rti  wurd  durd,  wil  pruv 
flat  ifci  saund  ev  j,  in  jet,  iz  az  piur  a  consonant  eliment  az  iz  iti 
saund  ev  b.  J  iz  an  ecsplodent;  z  iz  a  centinyuant. 

K"i  saund  ev  j  iz  a  sonant,  palatal,  fricativ,  cerespendig  tu 
iti  saund  ev  tti  letur  di,  az  surd.  It  iz  prodiust  bai  plesig  iti 
maut  6rganz  in  pozi^un  tu  prodius  iti  sauhd  ev  d  (di)  in  dip, 
and  forsirj  from  iti  maul  sonant  brel  at  iti  instant  ev  iti  ecs- 
plozun  or  brid  ev  iti  clozur. 

ECSUESQIZ   XXVI.      SQUND   OV  J. 


ja'ded,   gyp'sum,    gin'ger,    jum'ble,  gyves,    geal,   gelid,    jar, 
je'ded    jip'sum      jin'jur     jum'bl       jaivz     jil        jelld     jar 

gel'a-ble,  ge'lose,  gen'er-al,  gen'et,  genial,    genitive, badge, 
jel'a-bl      jilds       jen'ur-al    jen'et    jin'yal     jenl-tiv     baj 

jamb,  jam,  jab,  jaw,  jolt,  job,  jump,  jeer,  joke,    ledge,  jig, 
jam      jam    jab    j6       jolt    jeb    jump    jir      joe       lej        jig 

janl-tor,  janl-trix,  Ja'nus,  je'hu,   jelly,  jog'gle,  jar'gon,  lot. 
jaulter    janl-trics  Je'nua    ji'hiu  jell      jegl       jdr'ga  i    jeu 


98  MOTT'S*  FONOLOJI 

LESSON    XIX.     SOUND  OF  C  (kee). 


Pronounce  the  word  cap,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  Avhen  the  word  cap  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  c  (kee),  is  also  called  see. 
The  sound  of  c  (kee)  in  cap,  is  a  surd,  palatal,  mute,  corres- 
ponding to  the  sound  of  g  (ghee)  is  also  called  jee,  as  sonant. 
This  sound  is  produced  by  a  close  contact  between  the  upper 
surface  of  the  back  part  of  the  tongue  and  the  opposite  sur- 
face of  the  palate,  while  nonsonant  breath  is  forced  up  into 
the  pharynx.  The  explosion  or  breach  of  the  contact  disclo- 
ses the  character  of  this  sound. 

EXERCISE  XXVII.  SOUND  OF  C  (kee). 


crack,  cackle,  cap,  can,  scheme,   skin,    come,    comb,    queen, 
crac      cac'l        cap    can    scim         scin     cum      c6m       cwin 

kedge,  quill,  quit,  quest,  qui'et,  queer,    cure,    choir,    quire, 
cej         cwil    cwit  'cwest    cwai'et  cwir       ciur     cwair    cwair 

quaint,  kirk,  cat'a-logue,  talc,  kith,  kiln,  kill,  kid,  skep'tic, 
cwent     cure     cat'a-leg       talc    cil       cil       cil      cid    scep'tic 

chord,  cord,  kite,  scar,  skate,  score,  kit,  cat,  skunk,   sketch. 
c6rd      cord    colt    scar    scet      sc6r      cit    cat    scunc      seed 

LESSON  XX.     SOUND  OF  G  (ghee). 


Pronounce  the  word  gap,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  gap  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  g  (ghee). 

The  sound  of  g  (ghee),  heard  in  gap,  is  a  sonant,  palatal, 
mute,  corresponding  to  the  sound  of  c  (kee),  as  surd.  This 
sound  is  made  with  the  tongue  and  palate  in  nearly  the  same 
relative  position  as  required  for  producing  the  sound  of  c  (kee), 


AND  FONOTOIP.  99 

LESN  XIX.     SCLUND  OV  C  (ci). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  cap,  sloli  and  distinctli.  ITi  f urst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  cap  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  tti  letur  c  (ci),  iz  olso  celd  si.  iTi  saund  ev  c  (ci) 
in  cap,  iz  a  surd,  palatal,  miut,  cerespendirj  tu  iti  saund  ev 
g  (gi)  formurli  celd  ji,  az  sonant.  ITis  saund  iz  prodiust  bai 
a  clos  contact  bitwin  iti  upur  surfes  ev  iti  bac  part  ev  fti  tug 
and  fti  epozit  surfes  ev  iti  palet,  hwail  nensonant  brel  iz  forst 
up  intu  iti  farincs.  iTi  ecsplozun  6r  brid  ev  iti  centact  disclo- 
zez  iti  caractur  ev  itis  saund. 

ECSUESaiZ  XXVII.     SQUND  OV  C  (ci). 


coast,    cough,  king,  kibe,  black,  speak,   creek,    crick,    creak, 
cdst       cef         cii)       caib    blac       spic       eric        eric       eric 

crook,  crin'kle,  junk,  jun'ket,  tick,    cab,  back,  kitch'en,  car, 
cruc      crin'cl       jugc     jun'cet      tic      cab    bac      cid'en        car 

klang,    knack,    kit'cat,  care,  kip,  crock,  cro-chet',  croak,  crop, 
clan       nac         cit'cat     car     cip    crec     cr6-§e'       cr6c      crop 

cronk,    pork,    cross,    cri'er,    creep,    craze,    cream,  craw,  crate, 
crenc      pore     cres       crai'ur  crip       crez      crim      cr6       cret 

LESN  XX.     SaUND  OV  G(gi). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  gap,  sloli  and  distirjctli,  H"i  furst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  gap  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  iti  letur  g  (gi). 

ITi  saund  ev  g  (gi),  hurd  in  gap,  iz  a  sonant,  palatal,  miut, 
cerespendig  tu  iti  saund  ev  c  (ci),  az  surd.  xTis  saund  iz  med 
wiit  iti  tun.  and  palet  in  nirli  iti  sem  relativ  pozi^un  az  ricwaird 
fer  prodiusir)  iti  saund  ev  c  (ci),  but  bai  f orsig  brel  up  intu  iti 


100  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

but  by  forcing  breath  up  into  the  pharynx  and  vibrating  the 
vocal  chords  during  the  continuance  of  the  contact. 

EXERCISE  XXVIII.  SOUND  OF  G  (ghee). 


gay,  give,  glair,  glare,  grind,  ground,  glue,   gloom,  gui'ded, 
ge      giv      glar     glar      graind  graund  glu      glum     gai'ded 

snug,  rug,  tug,  dug,  ghost,  guest,  bog,  guilt,  gilt,  log,  hog, 
snug    rug    tug    dug    gdst      gest      beg  gilt       gilt  leg  heg 

egg,  beg,  bag,  big,  flog,  hogs'head, .  frogs,  bags,  bugs,  tugs, 
eg      beg    bag    big    fleg    hegz'hed      fregz     bagz   bugz    tugz 

ped'a-gogues,  prologues,  dec'a-logues,  dogs,  rugs,  pro'gramme. 
ped'a-gegz        pro'legz       dec'a-legz       degz   rugz   prd'gram 

LESSON  XXI.     SOUND  OF  F. 


Pronounce  the  word  fin,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  fin  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  f.  This  is  a  surd,  labial,  spi- 
rant, fricative  sound,  corresponding  to  the  sound  of  the  letter  v, 
as  sonant.  This  sound  is  made  by  the  audible  friction  or  rust- 
ling of  the  voiceless  breath,  when  forced  out  between  the  edge 
of  the  lower  lip  and  the  edge  of  the  upper  lip,  or  the  lower  lip 
may  be  held  in  contact  with  the  tip  of  the  upper  teeth. 

EXERCISE  XXIX.  SOUND  OF  F. 


fife,   left,  sift,  freight,  phase,  farce,  fence,  de-fense',  laugh, 
faif    left    sift    fret          fez         fdrs      fens      di-feiis'      laf 

stuff,   staff,    graft,  four,  fore,  for,  foil,    phys'ic,  soft,    strife, 
stuf     staf      graft  for      f6r      f6r     feil     fiz'ic       seft     straif 

loft,     fray,  flay,    muff,    gruff,  af-ford',   feud,  life,  riff,    free, 
left      fre      fie      muf     gruf      af-ford'    fiud    laif    rif      fri 


AND   FONOTQIP.  101 

farigcs  and  voibretig  Ai  vocal  cerdz  diurii)  cti  centinyuans  ev 
Ai  contact. 

ECSURSdlZ  XXVIII.      SQUND  OV  G  (gi). 


hogs,    eggs,   logs,    grit,  gig,   dem'a-gogues,  cat'a-logues,  gam, 
hegz    egz      legz    grit    gig    dem'a-gegz        cat'a-legz        gam 

glad'den,    an'a-grams,    di'a-grams,    crag,    grab,     brag,    gaunt, 
glad'n        an'a-gramz     dai'a-gramz  crag     grab      brag    gdnt 

fag,  flag,  fog,  gaze,  sag,  gas,  gawk,  gash,  gate,  gait,    gone, 
fag    flag   fog    gez      sag    gas    gee        gas"       get     get      gen 

gasp,  get,  gnn,  good,  gog'gle,  gar'ner.   gam'ble,  gam'bol,  go. 
gasp    get   gun    gud      geg'l        gar'nur  gam'bl     gam'bel  g6 

LESN  XXI.      SQUND   OV   F. 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  fin,  sloli  and  distinctli.  iTi  furst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  tU  wurd  fin  iz  spocn,  iz  Ai  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  M  letur  f.  fl?is  iz  a  surd,  lebial,  spairant,  fricativ 
saund,  cerespeiidii]  tu  iti  ^aund  ev  tti  letur  v,  az  sonant.  iTis 
saund  iz  med  bai  Ai  6dibl  fric^un  6r  ruslii)  ov  rti  veisles  brel, 
hwen  forst  aut  bitwiii  tti  ej  ev  Ai  lour  lip  and  tti  ej  ev  Ai  upur 
lip,  er  tli  lour  lip  me  bi  held  in  contact  wirt  iti  tip  ov  fti  upur 
tit. 

ECSURSQIZ  XXIX.       SQUND  OV  F. 


sylph,   pho-net'ic,   sphere,    e-nough',  feigned,  framed,  flounce, 
silf         fo-net'ic       sfir          i-nuf         fend         fremd     flauns 

folk,   feast,   fear,   fiz'gig,   frump,   flush,   face,    faced,    fooled, 
foe      fist      fir      fiz'gig    frump    flus"      fes       fest        fuld 

flax,    fix,    five,   fac'et,  fain,   fail,   fade,   faint,   feint,  flip,  fig, 
flacs  fics  faiv    fas'et    fen      fel     fed      fent      fent    flip  fig 


102  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

phrase,  phlegm,  fought,  full,  fool,  off,  fall,  foul,  fowl,  foe. 
frez         flem         fet          ful      ful     ef     f61     faul    faul    fo 

LESSON  XXII.     SOUND  OF  V. 


Pronounce  the  word  vest,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  vest  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  v.  The  sound  of  v,  in  vest,  is 
a  sonant,  labial,  spirant,  fricative  sound,  corresponding  to  the 
sound  of  the  letter  f,  as  surd.  This  sound  is  produced  when 
the  lips  are  in  position  for  producing  the  sound  of  the  letter  f , 
and  while  they  are  in  this  position,  vibrating  the  vocal  chords 
and  forcing  from  the  mouth  intonated  breath. 

EXERCISE  XXX.  SOUND  OF  V. 


valve,  vest,  vote,  stove,  verse,  sieve,   vault,  void,  vice,   vise, 
valv      vest    v6t      stov      vurs     siv        velt      veid    vais    vais 

rave,  o'ver,  vale,  vail,  veil,   voice,   livid,   vivid,  vow' el,  vex, 
rev      6'vur  vel      vel      vel      veis      livid    vivid    vau'el    vecs 

of,   vain,  vane,   vein,  val'ue,   de-vour',  move,    prove,   proved, 
ev    ven     ven      ven     val'yu    di-vaur'    muv       pruv      pruvd 

verb,  view,  waved,  ser'vice,  served;  vim,  vel' vet,  vine,  vogue, 
vurb    viu      wevd      sur'vis     survd     vim  vel'vet   vain  vog 

LESSON  XXIII,     SOUND  OF    T=Th  (ith). 


Pronounce  the  word  thin,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  thin  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  new  letter  t,  named  ith,  added  to  the 
alphabet  to  represent  this  sound  only,  the  English  alphabet 
having  no  letter  for  it.  The  first  sound  in  the  word  thin  is  a 
surd,  lingual,  spirant,  fricative  sound,  corresponding  to  the 
sound  of  dh  (thee)  in  dhen  (then),  as  sonant.  The  sound  rep- 


AND  FONOTQIP.  103 

gift,   shift,   fifth,    thrift,    flot'sam,    fe'ver,     folio,  fold,    flix. 

gift    gift      fifb       Irift      flet'sam    fi'vur      fol'yo  f61d    flics 

LESN  XXII.     SCLUND  OV  V. 


Pronauns  ibi  wurd  vest,  sloli  and  distinctli.  ffi  furst 
saund  hurd,  hwen  ibi  wurd  vest  iz  spocn,  iz  ibi  consonant  saund 
reprizented  bai  Ai  letur  v.  iTi  saund  ev  v,  in  vest,  iz  a  sonant 
lebial,  spairant,  fricativ  saund,  cerespendig  tu  Ai  saund  ev  Ai 
letur  f ,  az  surd.  fTis  saund  iz  prodiust  hwen  Ai  lips  ar  in  po- 
zi§un  f6r  prodiusir)  iti  saund  ev  Ai  letur  f ,  and  hwail  Ae  ar  in 
ibis  pozi^un,  vaibretii)  Ai  vocal  c6rdz  and  forsig  frem  iti  maul 
intoneted  brel. 

ECSURSQIZ  XXX.     SQUND  OV  V. 


di-vide',  di-vin'i-ty,  nov'el,  ev'er,  va'cate,    fer'vid,    vag,    vale, 
di-vaid'    di-vinl-ti    nev'el    ev'ur    ve'cet       fur'vid    vag     veli 

Vala,  la'va,  vir'tue,  re-moved,  val'et,    visit,    a-vow',  vellum, 
Vd'la    Id'va  vur'^u     ri-muvd      val'et     vizlt     a-vau'   vel'um 

valid,  valley,  volley,  vamp,  van,  veal,  Ve'da,  ve'dro,    veer, 
valid    vail        veil         vamp    van    vil     Ve'da    ve'dro     vir 

vict'uals,  vo'cal,  vuln,  salve,  save,  have,  be-have,  shive,  vog. 
vitlz          vd'cal    vuln    sav      sev      hav      bi-hev       Saiv     veg 

LESN  XXIII.     SQUND  OV  T=Th  (it). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  tin,  sloli  and  distinctli.  STi  furst  saund 
hurd  hwen  ibi  wurd  lin  iz  spocn,  iz  ibi  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented bai  ibi  niti  letur  I,  nemd  it,  aded  tu  ibi  alfabet  tu  repri- 
zent  ibis  saund  onli,  ibi  Iggli§  alfabet  havig  no  letur  fer  it.  ffi 
furst  saund  in  ibi  wurd  tin  iz  a  surd,  lingwal,  spairant,  fricativ 
saund,  cerespendii)  tu  ibi  saund  ev  ib  (ibi)  in  iben  (then),  az  so- 
nant. HI  saund  reprizented  bai  ibi  letur  I  (il)  iz  ibi  closest 


104  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

resented  by  the  letter  t  (ith)  is  the  closest  contimiable  nonin- 
tonated  breath  sound  that  can  be  produced  without  stoppage 
of  the  breath.  It  is  usually  produced  by  noiisonant  breath 
forced  from  the  mouth  with  the  tongue  placed  against  or  even 
passing  beyond  the  teeth,  while  the  lips  are  slightly  open. 

EXEECISE  XXXI.  SOUND  OF  T=Th  (ith). 


thin,  thought,  think,  thief,  thaw,  theme,  three,  breath,  pith, 
tin      t6t  tigc       tif        to        tim        tri        bret       pit 

thirst,   thing,   third,   or-thog'ra-phy,   thwart,   thwack,  thumb, 
turst     tig         turd     6r-teg'ra-fi          twert      twac        turn 

thanks,  tooth,  thor'ough,  thigh,  thirty,  au-thor'i-ty,  this'tle, 
lanes      tut       tur'o  toi        turti      6-ter'i-ti          tis'l 

thrum,  thrill,  throb,  thim'ble,  thick,    throne,  throng,    truth, 
trum      tril       treb      tim'bl       tic        tr6n        treg          trut 

LESSON  XXIV.     SOUND  OF  E=Dh  (thee). 


Pronounce  the  word  then,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  then  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
BO  and  represented  by  the  new  letter  it.  named  thee,  added  to 
the  alphabet  to  represent  this  sound  only,  the  English  alphabet 
having  no  letter  for  it.  This  sound  is  a  sonant,  lingual,  spi- 
rant, fricative,  corresponding  to  the  sound  represented  by  the 
letter  ith  as  surd.  It  is  the  closest  continuable  intonated 
breath  sound  that  can  be  produced  without  stoppage  of  the 
breath.  To  produce  this  sound,  place  the  tongue  and  lips  in 
position  to  produce  the  sound  represented  by  the  letter  ith,  but 
with  accompanying  vibration  of  the  vocal  chords  by  breath 
forced  from  the  mouth. 


AND  FONOTOIP.  105 

centinyuabl  nenintoneted  brel  saund  itat  can  bi  prodiust  wiit- 
aut  stepej  ev  iti  brel.  It  iz  yuiuali  prodiust  bai  nensonant 
brel  forst  from  iti  maul  wiit  iti  tug  plest  agenst  dr  ivn  pasii) 
biyend  iti  til,  hwail  iti  lips  ar  slaitli  opn. 


ECSURSCLIZ  XXXI.     SdUND  0V  T=Th  (it). 


throle,  thong,  throat,  booth,  thread,  thrash,    faith,  throt'tle, 
Ir61        leg        trdt        but        tred       tra^        fel       lret'1 

ethics,  wealth,  athlete,  north,  south,  twelfth,  the'ta,  withe, 
ellcs      well       allit        nerl      saul      twelfl      li'ta    wil 

phthi'sis,  au'thor,  thatch,    the'a-ter,  mouth,  Sab'bath,  threat, 
lai'sis        6'ler        la<3          li'a-tur      maul     Sab'al        tret 

therm,  thieves,  thorn,  thirteenth,  thou'sand,  the'o-rem,  thick, 
lurm      livz        lorn      lur'tinl         lau'zaiid     li'o-rem      tic 

LESN  XXIV.     SQUND  OV  ff=Dh  (fti). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  iten,  sloli  and  distigctli.  fl"i  furst 
saund  hurd,  hwen  jiti  wurd  iten  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund 
reprizented  bai  iti  niu  letur  it,  nemd  iti,  aded  tu  iti  alfabet  tu 
reprizent  ilis  saund  onli,  iti  Iggli^  alfabet  havig  no  letur  for  it. 
iTis  saund  iz  a  sonant,  liggwal,  spairant,  fricativ,  cerespendig 
tu  iti  saund  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  it,  az  surd.  It  iz  iti  closest 
centinyuabl  intoneted  brel  saund  ilat  can  bi  prodiust  wiitaut 
stepej  ev  iti  brel.  Tu  prodius  itis  saund,  pies  iti  tug  and  lips 
in  pozi^un  tu  prodius  iti  saund  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  it,  but 
wiit  accumpaniig  vaibre^un  ev  iti  vocal  c6rdz  bai  brel  forst 
frem  iti  maul. 


106  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

EXERCISE  XXXII.  SOUND  OF  ff=Dh  (thee). 


they,  that,  breathe,  those,  thus,  this,  these,  thine,  the,  thee, 
Ae       ftat    briA  ttoz       ftus     ftis     itiz       ctain     fti     &>i 

with,   writhe,    oth'er,   ei'ther,  nei'ther,   both'er,  broth'er,  thy, 
witt      raiit         uft'ur     i'itur       ni'Aur       beit'ur      bruit'ur     Aai 

moth'er,  al-though',  fa'ther,  far'ther,  breathe,  thou,    wor'thy, 
muft'ur     61-ifc6'  fd'ttur     fdr'itur     brut          Aau      wur'Ai 

with'er,  then,  thence,  scythe,  be-queath',  fur'ther,  breth'ren. 
wict'ur     tten      ctens     '  saiit       bi-cwitt'        fur'Aur     breft'ren 

LESSON  XXV,     SOUND  OF  S. 


Pronounce  the  word  seal,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard ,  when  the  word  seal  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  s.  This  sound  is  a  surd,  sib- 
ilant, lingual,  fricative  sound,  corresponding  to  the  sound  rep- 
resented  by  z,  as  sonant.  To  produce  this  sound,  raise  the 
front  part  of  the  tongue,  near  its  tip,  to  nearly  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  either  close  behind  the  front  teeth  or  at  a  farther 
remove  from  them,  then  continuable  hissing  breath  makes  the 
sound.  No  other  alphabetic  sounds  are  produced  through  so 
wide  a  range,  of  so  slightly  varying  positions  of  the  tongue,  as 
are  the  sounds  of  s  and  z.  In  mode  of  production,  these  con- 
tinuants are  slightly  related  to  the  explodents  t  and  d. 

EXERCISE  XXXIII.     SOUND  OF  S. 


sent,  scent,  cent,  seal,    ceil,  sell,  cell,  sit,  sat,    hiss,    mixed, 
sent    sent      sent    sil       sil      sel     sel     sit   sat     his      micst 

mix,  mice,  cit'y,   nest,   east,   most,   host,  hence,   moss,   swift, 
inics  mois  sit'i      nest,     ist     m6st    hdst    hens      mes     swift 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  107 

ECSURSdIZ  XXXII.     SdUND  OV  ff=Dh  (Ai). 


thith'er,    hea'then,  than   their,  theirs^  them,  them -selves',  ye, 
AiA'ur       hi'Aen        Aan     Aar      Aarz      item      Aem-selvz'      hi 

thence-forth',  though,  there,  there'a-bout,  there-at',  there-to', 
Aens-forl'         A6  Aar       Aar'a-baut      Aar-at'       Aar-tu' 

there-for',  there'fore,  there -from',  there-in',  there-of,  there- on', 
Aar-f6r'      Aar'fdr         Aar-frem'       Aar-in'      Aar-ef      Aar-en' 

thy-self ,  hith'er,  hith-er-to',  feath'er,  feath'er-y,  far'ther-most. 
Aai-self  hiA'ur     hiA-ur-tu'     feA'ur       feA'ur-i      fdr'Aur-mdst 

LESN  XXV.     SQUND  OV  S. 


Pronauns  Ai  ward  sil,  sloli  and  distinctli.  iTi  furst  scmnd 
hurd,  hvven  Ai  wurd  sil  iz  spocn,  iz  Ai  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  Ai  letur  s.  fl?is  saund  iz  a  surd,  sibilant,  lingwal, 
fricativ  saund,  cerespendig  tu  Ai  saund  reprizented  bai  z, 
az  sonant.  Tu  prodius  Ais  saund,  rez  Ai  frunt  part  ev  Ai 
tug,  nir  its  tip,  tu  niiii  Ai  ruf  ev  Ai  maul,  iAur  clos  bihaind  Ai 
frunt  til  or  at  a  farAur  rirnuv  from  Aem,  Aen  centinyuabl  hisig 
brel  mecs  Ai  saund.  No  uAur  alf  abetic  saundz  ar  prodiust  Iru 
so  waid  a  renj,  ev  so  slaitli  veriig  pozi^unz  ev  Ai  tug,  az  or  Ai 
saundz  ev  s  and  z.  In  mod  ev  producs"un,  Aiz  centinyuants  ar 
slaitli  rileted  tu  Ai  ecsplodents  t  and  d. 

ECSURSQIZ  XXXIII.     SCLUND  OV  S, 


proph'e-cy,  proph'e-sy,  miss,  fleece,  fierce,  syr'up,    bal'ance, 

prefi-si         prefi-soi       mis     flis  firs       sir'up     bal'ans 

pro-ceed',  pre-ceae',  size,  sice,  syce,  vis'cid,    fi-nance',    stern, 

pro-sid'      pri-sid'        saiz   sais   sais  visld      fi-nans'      sturn 


108  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

silk,  sill,  boss'es,  mess,   close,   say,   stone,  race,  cease,    rice, 

silc    sil      bes'ez      mes      elds      s£       stdn       res  sis        reds 

soak,   since,   spice,   steps,   no'tice,   squall,   sense,  seed,    cede, 

sdc      sins      spcds    steps    no'tis      scwel     sens  sid       sid 

LESSON  XXVI.     SOUND  OF  Z. 


Pronounce  the  word  zeal,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  zeal  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  z.  This  is  a  sonant,  sibilant 
lingual,  fricative  sound  of  peculiar  buzzing  character,  corres- 
ponding to  the  sound  of  the  letter  s,  as  surd.  This  continua- 
ble  buzzing  sound  is  produced  with  the  tongue  in  position  to 
produce  the  sound  of  s,  but  with  accompanying  vibration  of 
the  vocal  chords. 

EXERCISE  XXXIV.  SOUND  OF  Z. 


zeal,   zest,   zone,   nose,   rose,   beaux,  bows,  blows,  snows,  xyst, 
zil      zest    z6n      n6z      r6z      b6z        b6z      b!6z      snoz      zist 

boys,    noise,    wise,    rise,    close,   flies,    birds,    verbs,    driz'zle, 
beiz      neiz       waiz    raiz     cldz      flaiz    burdz    vurbz     driz'l 

is,    herds,   toes,    tows,     hoes,    foes,    lens,    squeeze,    his,    has, 
iz    hurdz    toz      t6z        hoz      foz      lenz     scwiz          hiz     haz 

boughs,    bows,    maize,   stays,   blaze,   house,    toys,    as,    skies, 
bauz        bauz     mez       stez       blez      hauz       teiz      az     scoiz 

LESSON  XXVII.     SOUND  OF  fi=Sh  (ish). 

Pronounce  the  word  ship,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  ship  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  §  (ish),  This  sound  is  a  surd, 
sibilant,  palatal,  fricative  sound,  corresponding  to  the  sound 


AND  FONOTOIP.  109 

salm'on,  as'sets,  ba'sin,  syn'od,  is'o-late,  sad'den,  still,  steam, 

sam'un     as'ets     be'sn      siii'ed     is'o-let      sad'n        stil  stim 

bi'cy-cle,  ha'sten,  loo'sen,  cha'stened,  spin'ach,  an'swer,  suave, 

boi'si-cl    he'sn        lu'sii      de'snd  spin'ej      an'sur  swdv 

LESN    XXVI.     SCLUND  OV  Z. 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  zil,  sloli  and  distinctli.  ITi  furst  sannd 
hurd,  hwen  fti  wurd  zil  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  tti  letur  z.  iTis  iz  a  sonant,  sibilant,  liggwal,  frica- 
tiv  saund  ev  piciiilyar  buzig  caractur,  cerespendirj  tu  fti  saund 
ev  iti  letur  s,  az  surd.  H?is  centinyuabl  buzig  saund  iz  prodiust 
wirt  iti  tui)  in  poziSun  tu  prodius  iti  saund  ev  s,  but  wiit  accum- 
paniig  vaibre^un  ev  iti  vocal  cerdz. 

ECSuEsaiz  xxxiv.    SQUND  ev  z. 


fiz'zle,   prism,  eyes,    zeph'y-rus,    mu'sic,  preys,  prays,    praise, 
fiz'l       prizm    aiz        zef i-rus        miu/zic  prez       prez       prez 

spasm,  chasm,  wars,    whiz,  puz'zle,  ze'bra,  rai'sing,    wis'dom, 
spazm    cazm       werz     hwiz    puz'l       zi'bra    re'zig        wiz'dum 

wiz'ard,  iz'zard,  a-rise',  a-ris'en,  dis-eased',  sea'soned,  cho'sen, 
wiz'ard    iz'ard     a-raiz'    a-riz'n     diz-izd'       si'znd  d6'zn 

tow'ards,  pre-mise',  rasp'ber-ry,  trea'son,  fro'zen,  vis'or,  vis'it. 
td'ardz       pri-maiz'    raz'ber-i        tri'zn        frd'zn     viz'er  viz'it 

LESN  XXVII.     SdUND  OV  fi=81i  (i§). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  §ip,  sloli  and  distirjctli.  K"i  furst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  s"ip  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  iti  letur  §  (is*).  H?is  saund  iz  a  surd,  sibilant,  pala- 
tal, fricativ  saund,  cerespendig  tu  iti  saund  reprizented  bai  iti 


110  MOTT'S   FONOLOJI 

represented  by  the  letter  s  in  the  word  rasure,  as  sonant.  It 
is  produced  by  raising  the  front  part  of  the  tongue,  near  its 
tip,  to  nearly  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  but  a  little  farther  back 
than  the  position  required  for  producing  the  sound  of  s,  and 
with  a  more  open  channel  immediately  behind  the  closest  ap- 
proximation of  the  organs,  then  forcing  breath  from  the 
mouth. 

EXERCISE  XXXV.   SOUND  OF  ft  (ish). 


shal,    sheep,    ship,    shift,    wish,    dish,    fish,    shop,   she,  sure, 
gal       gip          sip        gift       wig       dig       fig       gep       gi       giir 

should,    shaft,    shelved,    smashed,    shroud,    washed,     shrimp, 
gud          gaft       gelvd         smast          grand       we>gt          grimp 

shoe,    shoo,    chaise,    bushed,    splashed,    shaped,  shirk,   fresh, 
gu        gu        gez          bugt         splagt          gept        gurc      freg 

fished,      shield,    shore,    shoot,    shunt,  shock,    crashed,   crash, 
figt  gild         gor         gut         gunt      gee          cragt         crag 

LESSON  XXVIII.     SOUND  OF  £=Zh  (zhee). 


Pronounce  the  word  rasure,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The 
third  sound  heard,  when  the  word  rasure  is  spoken,  is  the  con- 
sonant sound  represented  by  the  new  letter  z  (zhee),  added 
to  the  alphabet  to  represent  this  sound  only,  the  English  al- 
phabet having  no  letter  for  it.  This  sound  is  a  sonant,  sibilant, 
palatal,  fricative  sound,  corresponding  to  the  sound  repre- 
sented by  the  letter  g  (ish),  heard  in  the  word  ship,  as  surd. 
It  is  produced  by  placing  the  mouth  organs  in  position  to  pro- 
duce the  sound  of  the  letter  ish,  but  with  accompanying  vibra- 
tions of  the  vocal  chords. 


AND    FONOTdlP.  Ill 

letur  s  in  Ai  wurd  "rasure, "  az  sonant.  It  iz  prodiust  bai  rezig 
Ai  f runt  part  ev  Ai  tun,  nir  its  tip,  tu  nirli  Ai  ruf  ev  Ai  maul, 
but  a  litl  farAur  bac  Aan  Ai  pozi§un  ricwaird  f6r  prodiusii]  Ai 
saund  ev  s,  and  wiA  a  mor  opn  <3anel  immidietli  bihaind  Ai  clo- 
sest apprecsime^un  ev  iti  6rganz,  tten  f orsig  brel  frem  Ai  maut. 


EcsuRsaiz  xxxv.    sauND  ev  a=sh  (ia> 


shrink,  shriek,  dished,  wished,  o'cean,  hush,  blush,  blushed, 


push,  pushed,  is'sue,   fet'ish,  wash,  dash,  hash,  shear,  flesh, 
pua      pu§t         i§'u       fet'i^      weS      da§       haS      gir         flea 

clashed,  shears,  mesh,  meshed,  mash,  rush,  rushed,  var'nish, 


shoat,  trash,  mush/room,  sash,  tar'nish,  shod'dy,   shirt,   lash. 
murrain     .   sa§      tdr'niS      §ed'i          3urt 


LESN  XXVIII.      SQUND  OV  Z=Zh  (zi). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  rezur,  sloli  and  distigctli.  xTi  turd 
saund  hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  rezur  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  iti  niu  letur  z  (zi),  aded  tu  iti  alfabet  tu 
reprizent  itis  saund  onli,  iti  Ii)gl3  alfabet  havig  no  letur  fer  it. 
n"is  saund  iz  a  sonant,  sibilant,  palatal,  fricativ  saund,  ceres- 
pendig  tu  iti  saund  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  §  (i§),  hurd  in  Ai 
wurd  Sip,  az  surd.  It  iz  prodiust  bai  plesig  iti  maut  erganz  in 
pozi^un  tu  prodius  Ai  saund  ev  Ai  letur  i§,  but  wiA  accumpaniig 
vaibre^unz  ev  Ai  vocal  c6rdz. 


112  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

EXEECISE  XXXVI.  SOUND  OF  rA  (zhee). 


o'sier,    az'ure,    vis'ion,    sei'sure,    bra'zier,    ho'sier,    ex-plo'sion, 
6'zur      az'ur       viz'un     si'zur         bre'zur     ho'zur      ecs-plo'zun 

lei'sure,    treas'ure,    meas'ure,    pleas' ure,    com-po'sure,    rouge, 
li'zur        trez'ur        mez'ur         plez'ur        cem-po'zur       ruz 

gla'zier,    pro-vis'ion-al,    de-lu'sion,  e-va'sion,  con-tu'sion,  zhee, 
gle'zur      pro-viz'un-al     dHiu'zun    i-ve'zun     cen-tm'zun    zi 

di- vis'ion,    in-va'sion,    col-lis'ion,  col-lu'sion,    cor-ro'sion,  jour, 
di-viz'un      in-ve'zun      cel-liz'un    cel-liu'zun    cer-ro'zun     ztir 

LESSON  XXIX.     SOUND  OF  L. 


Pronounce  the  word  lull,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
and  last  sound  heard,  when  the  word  lull  is  spoken,  is  the  con- 
sonant sound  represented  by  the  letter  1.  This  is  a  sonant, 
lingual,  or  tongue  tip  semivowel.  It  is  produced  with  the  tongue 
in  the  same  general  position  against  the  roof  of  the  mouth  as 
for  sounding  t,  d,  and  n,  but  the  sides  are  left  open,  suffi- 
ciently to  permit  the  passage  of  sonant  breath  with  a  trill  or 
rustle,  while  the  tip  of  the  tongue  remains  in  contact  with  the 
roof  of  the  mouth,  The  breach  of  the  closure,  may  be  made 
on  either  side  of  the  tongue  or  on  both  sides  at  the  same  time. 

This  is  the  most  continuable  and  vowel  like  of  English 
consonant  sounds,  and  easily  passes  into  a  mere  sonant  mur- 
mur or  neutral  vowel  sound,  heard  in  the  vowel  of  tub,  turn; 
hence  it  has  come,  by  the  loss  of  an  accompanying  vowel,  to 
have  itself  the  value  of  a  vowel  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  as  in 
able  (a'bl),or  it  constitutes  a  syllable  as  in  tickle  (tic'l). 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  113 

ECSURSQIZ  XXXVI.SaUND  0V  TL    Zh(zi). 


fu'sion,  oc-ca'sion,  coii-clu'sion,  u'su-al,  de-cis'on,  en-clo'sure, 
fiu'zun    oc-ce'zun     con-clu'zun     yu'zu-al  di-siz'un    en-c!6'zur 

e-va'sion,  cas'u-al,    vis'u-al,    vis'ion-a'ry,    treas'ur-er,    sua'sion, 
i-ve'zun      caz'u-al    viz'u-al     viz'un-e'ri       trez'ur-ur       swe'zun 

treas'ur-y,  treas'ur-ess,  meas'ured,meas'ure-less,  meas'ure-ment, 
trei'ur-i       trei'ur-es        mei'urd     mei'ur-les        mei'nr-ment 

lei'sured,  lei'sure-ly,  meas'ur-a-ble,  meas'ured-ly,  meas'ur-a-bly. 
li'iurd       li'2;ur-li        mei'ur-a-bl      mei'urd-li       mei'ur-a-bli 

LESN  XXIX.     SQIIND  OV  L. 


Pronauns  Ai  wurd  lul,  sloli  and  distigctli.  H1!  furst  and 
last  saund  hurd,  hwen  Ai  wurd  lul  iz  spocn,  iz  rti  consonant 
saund  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  L  S"is  iz  a  sonant,  lingwal,  or 
tui)  tip  semivauel.  It  iz  prodiust  wiit  iti  tur)  in  iti  sem  jenural 
pozi§un  agenst  iti  ruf  ov  fti  maul  az  for  saundig  t,  d,  and  n, 
but  fti  saidz  ar  left  opn,  suffi^entli  tu  purmit  iti  pasej  ov  sonant 
brel  wiit  a  tril  6r  rusl,  hwail  tti  tip  ov  iti  tug  rimenz  in  contact 
wiit  iti  ruf  ov  iti  maul.  xTi  brid  ov  iti  cloiur,  me  bi  med  on 
iitur  said  ev  tti  tug  or  on  bot  saidz  at  iti  sem  taim. 


iz  iti  most  continyuabl  and  vauel  laic  ov  Igglis"  conso- 
nant saundz,  and  izili  pasez  intu  a  mir  sonant  murmur  6r  niu- 
tral  vauel  saund,  hurd  in  iti  vauel  ov  tub,  turn;  hens  it  haz 
cum,  bai  iti  los  ov  an  accumpaniig  vauel,  tu  hav  itself  iti  valyu 
ov  a  vauel  at  iti  end  ev  a  silabl,  az  in  e'bl,  6r  it  constitiuts  a 
silabl  az  in  tic'l, 


114  MOTTS   FONOLOJI 

EXEECISE  XXXVII.    SOUND  OF  L. 


lull,   lit/tie,    lid,    lo,    low,    slow,    float,    plank,    bi'ble,     liege, 
lul      lit'l        lid    16     16       slo        fldt     plage      bcd'bl     lij 

lyre,  li'ar,  lev'el,    pick'le,   tickle,  lea,  lee,  league,  live,  slim, 
lair    lai'ar  lev'el     pic'l         tic'l       li       li      lig          liv     slim 

block,  flock,  clock,  blade,  blight,    fleer,     flitcli,    fleam,    golf, 
blec      flee      clec      bled      bloit       flir        flid        flim      golf 

glance,  flaw,  pall,    Paul,   pawl,  lis'ten,  tale,  tail,  hale,  hail, 
glans      fie      pol      Pel       pel       lis'n       tel      tel     hel      hel 

LESSON   XXX.     SOUND   OF  R. 


Pronounce  the  word  rut,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  rut  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  r.  This  sound  is  a  sonant,  lin- 
gual, or  tongue  tip  semivowel,  closely  allied  to  the  sound  of  1. 
It  has  a  stronger  and  more  frequent  influence  upon  the  char- 
acter of  the  preceding  vowel,  especially  in  unaccented  syllables, 
than  any  other  consonant.  Hence,  the  reduction  of  the  vowel 
sounds  in  such  words  as  learn,  word,  verb,  myrrh,  flirt,  and  e, 
before  r,  final,  to  the  sound  of  u  in  tub,  turn.  This  sound  is 
so  resonant  and  continuable  as  to  be  closely  related  to  the 
vowels.  Its  production  is  strikingly  similar  to  that  of  the 
sound  of  1.  This  sound  is  produced  between  the  tip  of  the 
tongue  and  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  at  a  point  more  or  less  re- 
moved backward  from  the  upper  front  teeth,  the  vocal  chords, 
being  close,  so  as  to  vibrate  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  produce 
the  characteristic  trill  and  rustle  of  this  sound. 

Final  r  in  such  words  as  more,  before,  meter,  should  always 
be  sounded,  but  this  is  not  done  in  some  localities  in  the 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  115 

ECSURSCLIZ  XXXVII.     SCLUND  ©V  L. 


trick'le,   clinch,  glide,    globe,  lymph,  lob'by,  loo'sen,    nes'tle, 
tric'l        clinc*      glaid    glob      limf        leb'i       lu'sn        nes'l 

re-lax',  tan'gle,  tem'ple,  lus'tre,  ballad,   cru'el,    lev'y,    lev'er, 
ri-lacs'   tag'gl      tem'pl      lus'tur    bal'ad     cru'el     lev'i     lev'ur 

le-thar'gic,   met'al-lur-gy,   plac'er,   pleb'i-scite,  pu-eb'lo,  sal'ad, 
li-ldr'jic       met'al-ur-ji       plas'ur    pleb'i-sit       pu-eb'lo   sal'ad 

pro'file,  sub'tile,  sub'tle,  sup'ple  ta-bleau',  ob-lique',  sin'gu-lar. 
prd'fil    sub'til      sut'l       sup'l       ta-b!6'       ob-lic'       sig'giu-lar 

LESN  XXX.     SQUND  OV  R 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  rut,  sloli  and  distigctli.  STi  furst  saund 
hurd,  bwen  iti  wurd  rut  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  iti  letur  r.  fTis  saund  iz  a  sonant,  liggwal,  6r  tug 
tip  semivauel,  closli  allaid  tu  tti  saund  ev  1.  It  haz  a  streggur 
and  mor  fricwent  inf luens  upon  iti  caractur  ov  iti  prisidig  vauel, 
espe^ali  in  unacseiited  silablz,  itan  eni  uitur  consonant.  Hens, 
iti  riduc^crn  ov  iti  vauel  saundz  in  sue1  wurdz  az  lurn,  wurd,  vurb, 
mur,  flurt,  and  e  bifor  r,  fainal,  tu  iti  saund  ov  u  in  tub,  turn. 
ITis  saund  iz  so  rezonant  and  continyuabl  az  tu  bi  closli  rileted 
tu  iti  vauelz.  Its  produc^un  iz  straicigli  similar  tu  itat  ov  iti 
saund  ov  1.  ITis  saund  iz  prodiust  bitwin  iti  tip  ov  iti  tug  and 
iti  ruf  ov  iti  maut,  at  a  point  mor  6r  les  rimuvd  bacward  from 
iti  upur  frunt  tit,  iti  vocal  c6rdz,  biig  clos,  so  az  tu  vaibret  iti 
tip  ov  iti  tug  and  prodius  iti  caracturistic  tril  and  rusl  ov  itis 
saund. 

Fainal  r  in  sue1  wurdz  az  mor,  bifor,  mitur,  Sud  61wez  bi 
saunded,  but  itis  iz  net  dun  in    sum   localitiz  in  iti  Yunaited 


116  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

United  States  and  in  southern  England.     R  final  is  called  syl- 
labic r,  to  distinguish  it  from  initial  r. 

R  between  two  vowels,  the  former  of  which  is  prolonged 
and  accented  (u  excepted)  is  not  syllabic.  It  is  initial  before 
the  following  vowel,  otherwise  in  formal  speech  or  song,  such 
words  as  parent,  Mary,  storied,  would  become  words  of  three 
syllables.  When  the  preceding  vowel  is  u  (u,  brief  or  full)  ease 
of  utterance  requires  r  to  be  sounded  with  this  vowel,  a  bit  of 
which  vowel  coalesces  with  the  sound  of  r  and  produces  euphonic 
pronunciation.  (See  Syllabication  in  Appendix). 

EXERCISE  XXXVIII.     SOUND  OF  R. 


roar,  rib,  wrist,  tear,  tier,  tear,  tare,  arc,    ark,    rope,  robe, 
r6r      rib    rist      tir      tir      tar      tar      arc     arc     rop     rob 

wrought,  brought,  merge,    wright,    write,  right,    rite,    heirs, 
r6t  bret  murj       rait          rait      rait       rait    arz 

prim'er,  cor-rect',  in-spire',  rhythm,  tri-bu'nal,  serf,  stir,  ruse, 
prim'ur    cer-rect'  in-spair'  ritm        tri-biu'nal  surf    stur  ruz 

sat'yr,  sire,  rough,  rouse,  beer,  bier,  rheum,  room,  art,  are. 
sat'ur    sair   ruf         rauz     bir      bir      rum        rum     art    dr 

LESSON  XXXI.     SOUND  OF  W  (woo). 


Pronounce  the  word  woo,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  woo  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  woo,  is  also  called  doubleyou. 
This  sound  is  a  sonant,  labial,  semivowel,  which  stands  in  pre- 
cisely the  same  relation  to  the  full  sound  of  u,  heard  in  rule,  in 
which  the  sound  of  y  (yee)  stands  to  the  sound  of  i  (ee)  in  po- 
lice. '  The  production  of  this  sound  is  nearly  identical  with 
its  corresponding  vowel  sound,  but  the  difference  in  the  char- 


AND  FONOTQIP.  117 

Stets  and  in  suiturn  Iggland.     R  final  iz  c61d    silabic  r,  tu 
distiggwis"  it  frem  inis*al  r. 

R  bitwin  tu  vauelz,  iti  fermur  ev  hwid  iz  prolegd  and  ac- 
sented  (u  ecsepted)  iz  net  silabic.  It  iz  inis*al  bifor  Ai  feloig 
vauel;  uiturwaiz,  in  formal  spid  or  seg,  sud  wurdz  az  parent,  Meri, 
storid,  wud  bicum  wurdz  ev  tri  silablz.  Hwen  iti  prisidig  vauel 
iz  u  (u,  brif  6r  ful)  iz  ev  uturans  ricwairz  r  tu  bi  saunded  wiit 
itis  vauel,  a  bit  ev  hwid  vauel  coalesez  wiit  iti  saund  ev  r  and 
prodiusez  yufonic  pronunsie^un.  (Si  Silabice^un  in  Appen- 
dics). 

ECSURSQIZ  XXXVIII.     SQUND  OV  R. 


di-scern'ment,  a'pron,  fu'thorc,  fu'ture,  in'ter-stice,  squir'rel, 
di-zurn'meiit      e'prun    fu'terc     fiu'dur     in'tur-stis      scwur'el 

court,  risk,  road,  brews,  bruise,    shark,  fir,  fur,    prej'u-dice, 
c6rt      rise     rod      bruz      bruz       §drc      fur  fur    prej'u-dis 

pur'ser,   pur'sy,  fer'ry,  wart,  prem'ise,  or'chid,  re'gion,  sword, 
pur'sur    pur'si    fer'i       w6rt   prem'is     er'cid     ri'jun     s6rd 

riglit'eous,  sermon,    ver'dure,  ja-guar',  wrung,  rung,  bar'ren. 
rai'dus         sur'mun    vur'jur      ja-gwar'  rug        rug       bar' en 

LESN  XXXI.    SCLUND   OV  W  (wu). 


Pronauns  rti  wurd  wu,  sloli  and  distigctli.  iTi  f urst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  tti  wurd  wu  iz  spocn,  iz  Ai  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  Ai  letur  \vu,  iz  elso  cold  dublyu.  iTis  saund  iz  a 
sonant,  lebial,  semi  vauel,  hwid  standz  in  prisaisli  iti  sem  rile- 
s"un  tu  rti  ful  saund  ev  u,  hurd  in  riil,  in  hwid  iti  saund  ev 
y  (yi)  standz  tu  iti  fill  saund  ev  i  (ih)  in  polis.  iTi  produc§un 
ev  itis  saund  iz  nirli  aidentical  wiit  its  cerespendig  vauel  saund, 
but  iti  dif urens  in  iti  caractur  ev  itiz  saundz  iz  redili  distiggwi§t 


118  MOTT'S    FON0LOJI 

acter  of  these  sounds  is  readily  distinguished  in  the  pronunci- 
ation of  the  word  woo.  This  consonant  sound  is  never  used 
except  as  a  prefix  to  a  vowel  sound. 

EXERCISE  XXXIX.     SOUND  OF  W  (woo). 


woo,    will,    well,    worst,    wool,    word,    wage,     watch,    worm, 
wu      wil      wel      wurst    wul      wurd     wej        wed        wurm 

weave,   wean,  were,  welt,  was,   wail,   weal,  wilt,  wore,  wile, 
wiv        win       wur     welt    wez    wel     wil      wilt    wor     wail 

wiz'en,  wound,  wound,  wort,  wood,  would,  woof,  whip,  whir, 
wiz'n      waund  wund      wurt  wud     wud       wuf     hwip  hwtir 

wind,  wind,  wisp,  quick,  guilt,   wall,  waul,   wife,  we,  whur. 
wind    waind  wisp    cwic      cwilt    wel     wel  •     waif  wi    hwfrr 

LESSON  XXXII.     SOUND  OF  Y  (yee). 


Pronounce  the  word  ye,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  ye  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  yee,  is  also  called  wye.  This 
is  a  sonant,  palatal,  semivowel  which  stands  in  precisely  the 
same  relation  to  the  sound  of  i  (ee),  in  police,  in  which  con- 
sonant w  (woo)  stands  to  the  sound  of  u  in  rule.  The  produc- 
tion of  this  sound  is  nearly  identical  with  its  corresponding 
vowel  sound,  but '  the  difference  in  the  character  of  these 
sounds  is  readily  distinguished  in  the  pronunciation  of  the 
word  ye.  The  mouth  organs  are  placed  in  position  to  sound  e 
in  peal,  the  tongue  is  raised  to  the  i  (ee)  position,  and  the 
mouth  is  opened  for  the  emission  of  fricative  breath  with  the 
i(ee)  sonancy.  This  sound  is  never  used  except  as  a  prefix  to 
a  vowel  sound. 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  119 

in  fti  prommsie§un  ev  fti  wurd  wu.     iTis  consonant  saund  iz 
nevur  yuzd  ecsept  az  a  prifics  tu  a  vauel  saund. 


ECSURSQIZ  XXXIX.     SdllND  0V  W  (wu). 


warp,  wo'ven,  whey,  with'y,  wax,  whis'ky,    whorl,    with'ers, 
worp    wd'vn     hwe      will       wacs  hwis'ci      hwurl    wift'urz   , 

whence,  wag'on,    waffle,  a-wa'ken,  squalid,  out'ward,  weed, 
hwens       wag'un  wofl       a-we'cn       scwel'id    aut'ward,  wid 

swee'ten,  swollen,  wa'ken,  wor'den,  quick'en,  wa'ry,  wavlet, 
swi'tn        swoln       we'cii       wer'dn     cwic'n        we'ri     wevlet 

wax' en,    sua'vi-ty,    awk'ward  on'ward,    hand'ward,    up'wards. 
wac'sn     swd'vi-ti     6c'ward     on'ward    hand'ward     up'wardz 

LESN  XXXII.     SQUND  OV  Y  (yi). 


Pronauns  fti  wurd  yi,  sloli  and  distigctli.  cTi  f  urst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  iti  wurd  yi  iz  spocn,  iz  fti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  tli  letur  yi,  iz  olso  c61d  wai.  H"is  iz  a  sonant,  pal- 
atal, semivauel  hwic1  standz  in  prisaisli  fti  sem  rileSun  tu  Ai 
saund  ov  i  (ih),  in  polis,  in  hwid  consonant  w(wu)  standz  tu 
fti  saund  ov  u  in  rul.  iTi  produc^un  ov  ftis  saund  iz  nirli  ai- 
dentical  wift  its  corespondii)  vauel  saund,  but  fti  difurens  in 
fti  caractur  ov  ftiz  saundz  iz  redili  disitii)gwi^t  in  fti  pronunsie- 
§un  ov  fti  wurd  yi.  xTi  maut  6rganz  or  plest  in  pozi^un  tu 
saund  i  in  pil,  fti  tug  iz  rezd  tu  fti  i  (ih)  pozi§un,  and  fti  maul 
iz  opnd  for  fti  imi^un  ov  fricativ  brel  wiffc  fti  i  (ih)  sonansi  iTis 
saund  iz  nevur  yuzd  ecsept  az  a  prifics  tu  a  vauel  saund. 


120  MOTT'S    FONOLOJI 

EXERCISE  XL.     SOUND  OF  Y  (yee). 


ye,  yes,   yet,  yea,  yule,  you,  yew,  ewe,    yore,    union,    yaw, 
yi     yes    yet    ye      yul      yu      yu      yu       y6r      yun'yun  y6 

yacht,  youth,  yerk,  young,    yeo'maii,    yellow,     u'sage,     yelL 
yet        yut        yurc    yug         yo'maii      yel'o          yu'zej      yel 

yeast,    yearn,    yield,    yelp,    u'nit,    use,     use,     year,     yar'row, 
yist       yum      yild       yelp     yu'nit  yus     yuz     yir        yar'o 

u'su-rer,      u'su-fruct,    yearly,  use'ful,  yolk,    yard,  yarn,  yam. 
yu'ziu-rur  yu'ziu-fruct  yirli       yus'ful  y6c       yard  yarn   yam 

LESSON  XXXIII.     SOUND  OF  M. 

Pronounce  the  word  met,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  met  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  m.  This  is  a  sonant,  labial, 
nasal,  semivowel.  It  is  produced  by  pressing  the  lips  together, 
as  required  to  sound  p  or  b,  and  vibrating  the  vocal  chords, 
but  with  the  passage  from  the  pharynx  into  the  nose  open,  so 
that  the  tone  rings  in  the  nasal  as  well  as  in  the  oral  cavity. 
The  sound  thus  produced  is  resonant  and  continuable,  because 
the  nose  cannot  be  closed  except  by  external  means. 

EXERCISE  XLI.     SOUND  OF  M. 


mill,   man,    me,    numb,    imp,    jump,    lump,      lamb,  mumps, 

mil      man    mi    num       imp     jump     lump       lam  mumps 

hymn,    him,    may,    maim,    meet,   mete,    meat,    aim,  mosque, 

him        him    me       mem      mit       mit       mit       em  mesc 

lame,   came,  mum,     time,    thyme,    mild,    teem,    team,  mouse, 

lem      cem      mum      taim     taim        maild  tim       tim  maus 

frame,    mule,    moil,    mood,    moose,     smoke,    schism,  stumps, 

frem      miul     meil     mud       mus        sm6c       sizm  stumps 


AND  FONOTQIP.  121 

ECSUKSCLIZ  XL.     SCLUND  OV  Y  (yi). 


yawn,  yaup,  ew'er,  yellows,    yoke,    pe-cul'iar,    pinion,    yaff, 
yen       yep      yu'ur   yel'oz         y6c       pi-ciul'yar  pin'yun    yaf 

pa-villon,  refuge-  Sad'du-cee,   sin'ew,   alien,  yearling,  York, 
pa-vil'yun  ref  'yuj  Sad'yu-si         sin'yii    el'yen  yirlii)        Yerc 

com-panlon,  fig'ure,   filial,    vol'ume,  yeas'ty,    yar'dage,    yin, 
cem-pan'yun  fig'yur    fil'yal  verytim   yis'ti        ydr'dej       yin 

vol'umed,  yaffle,   yo'del,  ynn'ca,  Yan'kee,  yufts,  Ya'ko-nan. 
veryumd    yafl       yo'dl      yurj'ca  Yan'ci         yufts    Yd'co-nan 

LESN  XXXIII.     SaUND  OV  M. 


Pronauns  Ai  wurd  met,  sloli  and  distigctli.  ETi  furst 
saund  hurd,  hwen  tti  wurd  met  iz  spocn,  iz  tti  consonant 
sound  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  m.  iTis  iz  a  sonant,  lebial,  ne- 
zal,  semivauel.  It  iz  prodmst  bai  presig  fti  lips  tugeitur,  az 
ricwaird  tu  saund  p  er  b,  and  vaibretig  iti  vocal  c6rdz,  but  witt 
iti  pasej  from  iti  farincs  intu  iti  noz  opn,  so  ttat  fti  ton  rinz  in 
Ai  nezal  az  wel  az  in  tti  oral  caviti.  ITi  saund  ttus  prodiust  iz 
rezonant  and  centinyuabl,  bic6z  iti  noz  canet  bi  clozd  ecsept  bai 
ecsturiial  minz. 

ECSURSQIZ  XLIL      SCLUND   OV  M. 


crimp,  mote,  moat,  my,  bump,  wam'pum,  ma'ple,  mus-tache', 
crimp    m6t      m6t      moi  bump    wem'pum    me'pl    mus-td^' 

minlite,  mi-nute',  com'mu-nism,  col-os-se'um,  mac'ron,  mock, 
minlt      mi-niut'     cem'yu-nizm     cel-es-si'um    mac'ren    moc 

mi-rage',  mi'nus,    artru-ism,    con-sumed',  lem'on,    mael'strom, 
mi-rdz'     mai'nus  al'tru-izm     cen-siumd'    lem'un     mel'strem 

free'dom,    mad'den,    mis'chief,    mai'den,    minx,    tome,    mint, 
fri'dum       mad'n         mis'dif         me'dn        migcs     torn      mint 


122  MOTT'S  FON0LOJI 

LESSON  XXXIV.     SOUND  OF  N. 


Pronounce  the  word  net,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  net  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  n.  This  is  a  sonant,  lingual, 
nasal,  semivowel.  xThis  sound  is  produced  by  placing  the 
mouth  organs  in  position  to  sound  t  or  d,  and  vibrating  the 
vocal  chords,  but  with  the  passage  from  the  pharynx  into  the 
nose  open,  so  that  tone  rings  in  the  nose  as  well  as  in  the  oral 
cavity ,  The  sound  thus  produced  is  resonant  and  continuable. 

EXERCISE  XLIL     SOUND  OF  N. 


net,  none,  end,  win,  tin,  knight,   night,  nine,  blend,  snake, 
net    nun     end    win    tin    nait        nait      nain    blend   snec 

knot,  not,  naught,  note,  knowl'edge,  knuckle,   knurled,  on, 
net      net    net  ndt     nel'ej  nuc'l          nurld        en 

one,    won,  son,    sun,    knave,    knack,    knee,   knob,    knit,  nit, 
wun   wun    sun    sun    nev         nac         ni         neb       nit      nit 

noun,    cone,  done,  knew,    new,    know,    no,    hev'en,    e-lev'en. 
naun     c6n      dun     niu        niu      n6          n6    hev'n       i-lev'n 

LESSON  XXXV.     SOUND  OF  D=Ng  (ing). 


Pronounce  the  word  bank,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The 
third  sound  heard  (first  after  the  vowel),  when  the  word  bank 
is  spoken,  is  the  consonant  sound  represented  by  the  new  let- 
ter i),  named  ing,  added  to  the  alphabet  to  represent  this 
sound  only,  the  English  alphabet  having  no  letter  for  it.  This 
sound  is  a  sonant,  palatal,  nasal,  semivowel.  It  is  produced 
by  placing  the  tongue  in  contact  with  the  roof  of  the  mouth  as 
for  sounding  t,  d,  or  n,  but  farther  back,  vibrating  the  vocal 


AND   FONOTCLIP.  123 

LESN  XXXIV.      SCLUND  ©V      N. 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  net,  sloli  and  distigctli.  iTifurst  saund 
hurd  hwen  iti  wurd  net  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri- 
zented  bai  iti  letur  n.  xTis  iz  a  sonant,  liggwal,  nezal,  semi- 
van  el.  iTis  saund  iz  prodiust  bai  plesig  iti  maul  6rganz  in  po- 
zi§un  tu  saund  t  or  d,  and  vaibretig  iti  vocal  c6rdz,  but  wiit  Ai 
pasej  from  iti  farigcs  intu  fti  noz  opn,  so  flat  ton  rirjz  in  iti  noz 
az  wel  az  in  Ai  oral  cavity.  ff"i  saund  ftus  prodiiist  iz  rezo- 
nant  and  centinyuabl. 

ECSURSQIZ  XLII.   SQUND  0V  N. 


own,   down,    next,    o'pen,    o'pen-er,    nay,  neigh,'  ag'gran-dise, 
6n        daun    necst  6'pn       6'pn-ur     ne      ne         ag'ran-daiz 

rain,   rein,   reign,   as'sig-nat,    be-fallen,    be-liol'den,   neu'ter, 
ren      ren     ren        aslg-nat     -bi-f6'ln        bi-hol'dn       niu'tur 

nick'el,    kit'ten,   par'don,    par'son,    per'son,    poi'son,    pig'eon, 
nic'el       cit'n        pdr'dn      par' sun    pur' sun    pei'zn       pij'un 

reck'on,    spo'ken,    sec'ond,     nickle,     sov'er-eign,     o'pen-ness. 
rec'n         spo'cn       sec'und     nic'l         suv'ur-en        6'pn-nes 

LESN  XXXV.     SQIIND  0V  D=Ng(ig). 


Pronauns  iti  wurd  bagc,  sloli  and  distirjctli.  K"i  lurd 
saund  hurd  (furst  aftur  tti  vauel),  hwen  iti  wurd  bagc  iz  spocn, 
iz  rti  consonant  saund  reprizented  bai  iti  letur  i),  nemd  ig,  aded 
tu  iti  alfabet  ta  reprizent  itis  saund  onli,  iti  Iggli§  alfabet 
havig  no  letur  f6r  it.  ffis  saund  iz  a  sonant,  palatal,  nezal, 
semi  vauel.  It  iz  prodiust  bai  plesirj  iti  tug  in  contact  wiit  iti  ruf 
ev  iti  maul  az  f er  saundig  t,  d,  n,  but  f dritur  bac,  vaibretig  ili 


124  MOTTS    FONOLOJI 

chords,  with  the  passage  from  the  pharynx  into  the  nose  open, 
so  that  the  tone  rings  in  the  nose  as  well  as  in  the  oral  cavity. 
The  sound  thus  produced  is  resonant  and  continuable. 

EXERCISE  XLIII.     SOUND  OF  B=Ng  (ing). 


sing,    fling,    wring,    ring,  sting,    hang,    song,    ink,   blin'king, 
sir)       fliij       rig          rig      stig        hag       seg       igc      blig'cig 

rank,  tank,    sunk,   cling,   bring,   link,    drink,  fang,  kin'king, 
rage     tagc     sugc     clig       brig       ligc     drigc     fag       cig'cig 

mink,  ding,   ting,   singing,   con'gress,   lon'ger,    blink,    kink, 
migc     dig       tig       siglg          ceg'gres      leg'gur     bligc       cigc 

twin'kle,  wrin'kle,  bringing,   sing'er,  swing,   hissing,    wang. 
twig'cl      rig'cl          briglg         sig'ur      swig       hislg         wag 

LESSON  XXXVI.      SOUND  OF  H  (hee). 


Pronounce  the  word  ho,  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  first 
sound  heard,  when  the  word  ho  is  spoken,  is  the  consonant 
sound  represented  by  the  letter  hee,  is  also  called  aitch. 
This  is  an  aspirate  sound,  It  is  produced  by  modified  breath- 
ing through  the  mouth.  An  audible  emission  of  breath  before 
a  vowel  or  semivowel  is  made,  in  every  case,  in  the  same  posi- 
tion of  the  mouth  organs  as  that  required  to  produce  the  fol- 
lowing sound,  corresponding  with  any  of  the  vowels  or  with 
consonant  w  (woo);  that  is,  the  sound  of  h  (hee)  in  hah  is  made 
with  the  mouth  organs  in  position  for  sounding  the  vowel  in 
arm,  the  utterance  in  the  combination  changing  only  from  un- 
intonated  to  intonated  breath.  The  h  (hee)  of  ho  is  made  with 
the  mouth  organs  in  position  for  uttering  the  sound  of  o,  and 
so  with  the  other  vowels,  and  consonant  w(woo),  as  in  he,  hay, 
hat,  hut,  harm,  hall,  ho,  hoot,  when. 


AND  FONOTQIP.  125 

vocal  cerdz,  wiit  iti  pasej  from  iti  farigcs  intu  iti  noz  opn,  so 
rtat  rti  ton  rigz  in  Ai  noz  az  wel  az  in  rti  oral  caviti.  iTi  saund 
itus  prodiust  iz  rezonaiit  and  centinyuabl. 

ECSURSOIZ  XLIII.     SCLUND  OV  D= 


flank,   wink,  sanc'tu-a-ry,   hong,  clank,   dong,    shank,  spunk, 
flagc    wigc     sagc'(*u-e-ri     her)       clanc     dog        3agc      spugc 
twang,  cronk,   wrung,   rung,  wrong,  hunk,  throng,  twis'ting, 
twag      cregc      rug         rug       reg         huge     treg        twis'tig 
bung,    lung,    hun'gry,    dressing,    miss'ing,    yank,     snow'ing, 
hug       lug       hug'gri      dres'ig        mis'ig         yagc        snd'ig 
showing,    ba'kiiig,    hanging,    a'ching,     going,    slang,    think. 
361g  be'cig       haglg         e'cig  g61g        slag       ligc 

LESN  XXXVI.     SQUND  OV  H  (hi). 

Pronauns  rti  wurd  h6,  sloli  and  distigctli.  HI  furst  saund 
hurd,  hwen  fti  wurd  h6  iz  spocn,  iz  iti  consonant  saund  repri. 
zented  bai  di  letur  hi,  iz  elso  cold  ec1.  iTis  iz  an  aspiret 
saund.  It  iz  prodiust  bai  modifaid  britig  Iru  iti  maut.  An 
edibl  imi^un  ev  bret  bifor  a  vauel  6r  semivauel  iz  med,  in  evri 
ces,  in  iti  sem  pozi^un  ev  tti  maut  erganz  az  itat  ricwaird  tu 
prodius  rti  feloig  saund,  cerespondig  wiit  eni  ev  rti  vauelz  or 
witt  consonant  w  (wu);  ttat  iz,  cti  saund  ev  h  (hi)  in  hd  iz  med 
wirt  iti  maul  6rganz  in  pozi^un  fer  saundig  rii  vauel  in  arm,  Ai 
uturans  in  iti  cembme^un  denjig  onli  frem  unintoneted  tu  into- 
neted  bret.  fl?i  h  (hi)  ev  ho  iz  med  wift  fti  maut  erganz  in  pozi- 
Sun  for  uturig  iti  saund  ev  o,  and  so  wiit  iti  urtur  vauelz,  and 
consonant  w  (wu),  az  in  hi,  he,  hat,  hut,  harm,  h61,  ho* 
hut,  hwen. 


126  MOTT'S     FONOLOJI 

EXERCISE  XLIV.     SOUND  OF  H  (hee). 


he,  ho,   hoe,   hat,    hod,   heat,   high,    hoof,    why,  heel,     heal, 
hi     h6    h6      hat    hed    hit      hcd       huf      hwai  Ml        hil 

have,   hear,   here,   hemp,   hold,   house,    hump,   .heard,    herd, 
hav      hir       hir       hemp    hdld    haus      hump     nurd       hurd 

hide,   hough,   hock,   height,  hip,   had,   helve,   her,  hem,  hit, 
hold    hoc         hoc      halt        hip    had    helv       Mr   hem    hit 

hall,   hame,   what,   when,   wheel,   hone,   hale,   hailed,    hoist, 
hul      hem      hwet    hwen    hwil      h6n      hel      held         heist 

GENESIS  I. 
(American  Standard  Edition). 

1  In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heavens  and  the  earth. 
2  And  the  earth  was  waste  and  void;  and  darkness  was  upon 
the  face  of  the  deep:  and  the  Spirit  of  God  moved  upon  the 
face  of  the  waters.  3  And  God  said,  Let  there  be  light:  and 
there  was  light.  4  And  God  saw  the  light,  that  it  was  good:  and 
God  divided  the  light  from  the  darkness.  5  And  God  called 
the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he  called  Night.  And  there 
was  evening  and  there  was  morning,  one  day. 

6  And  God  said,  Let  there  be  a  firmament  in  the  midst  of 
the  waters,  and  let  it  divide  the  waters  from  the  waters.  7  And 
God  made  the  firmament,  and  divided  the  waters  which  were 
under  the  firmament  from  the  waters  which  were  above  the  fir- 
mament: and  it  was  so.  8  And  God  called  the  firmament  Heaven. 
And  there  was  evening  and  there  was  moming,  a  second  day. 

9  And  God  said,  Let  the  waters  under  the  heavens  be  gath- 
ered together  unto  one  place,  and  let  the  dry  land  appear:  and 
it  was  so.  10  And  §God  called  the  dry  land  Earth;  and  the 
gathering  together  of  the  waters  called  ha  Seas:  and  God  saw 
that  it  was  good.  11  And  God  said,  Let  the  earth  put  forth 


AND  FONOTOIR  127 

ECSURSQIZ  XLIV.     SCLUND  0V  H  (M). 


whole,  hole,  whist,  hoy,  whale,  hail,  hood,  hill,  Hot'ten-tot, 
h61        h61      hwisfc    hoi     hwel      hel      hud     hil    Het'n-tot 

hewn,    help,    home,    hos'tage,    hec'tic,   hec'tor,  hig'gle,    he'ro, 
hiun     help    h6m       hoa'tej       hec'tic    hec'tor   higl         hi'ro 

heaves,  hec'tare,   hed'dle,    ho-ri'zon,     har'ken,     Hi-mala-yan, 
hivz        hec'tar      hedl        ho-rai'zun  hoLr'cn       Hi-ma/la-yan 

hid'den,  har'den,    ha'sten,   hap'pen,    her'ry,   her'o-ine,    hem. 
hid'n        hdr'dn      he'sn        hap'n         her'i       her'o-in      hem 

JENISIS  I. 

(CLmerican  Standard  Idi§un ). 

I  In  iti  biginig  God  crieted  iti  hevnz  and  iti  urt.  2  And 
iki  urt  wez  west  and  void;  and  dorcnes  wez  upon  iti  fes  oviti  dip: 
and  iti  Spirit  ov  God  muvd  upon  &i  fes  ov  iti  w6turz.  3  And 
God  sed,  Let  itar  bi  lait:  and  ttar  woz  lait.  4  And  God  s6  iti 
lait,  itat  it  woz  gud:  and  God  divaided  iti  lait  from  iti  darcnes. 
5  And  God  cold  iti  lait  De,  and  iti  darcnes  hi  cold  Nait.  And 
itar  woz  ivnig  and  itar  woz  mornig,  wun  de. 

6  And  God  sed,  Let  itar  bi  a  furmament  in  iti  midst  ov  iti 
w6turz,  and  let  it  divaid  iti  w6turz  from  iti  w6turz.  7  And 
God  med  iti  furmament,  and  divaided  iti  wMurz  hwid  wur  un- 
dur  iti  furmament  from  iti  weturz  hwid  wur  abuv  iti  furmament: 
and  it  woz  so.  8  And  God  cold  iti  furmament  Hevn.  And 
itar  woz  ivnig  and  itar  woz  mornig,  a  secund  de. 

9  And  God  sed,  Let  iti  w6turz  undur  iti  hevnz  bi  gaiturd 
tugeitur  untu  wun  pies,  and  let  iti  drai  land  appir:  and  it  woz 
so,  10  And  God  cold  iti  drai  land  Urt;  and  iti  gaiturig  tu- 
geitur ov  iti  woturz  c61d  hi  Siz:  and  God  s6  itat  it  woz  gud.  11 
And  God  sed,  Let  iti  urt  put  fort  gras,  urbz  yildig  sid,  and  frut 
triz  barig  frut  oftur  itar  coind,  hwarin  iz  iti  sid  itarof ,  upon  iti 


SCIENTIFIC  ALFCLBET  OV  CLMR.  FIL.    ASS'N.  (1877). 


Brief  or  short  vowels,  unmarkt.       i,  e,  a,  u,  a,  e,  o,  u. 
Full  or  long  vowels,  circumflext.      i,  e,  a,  u,  d,  6,  6,  u. 

LETTERS. 

Con-          Vowels, 

Caps,  sonants.  Short,  Long.          Names.  Key  words. 

Q              a  a      ah  ask,  la'va,  a-far',  far,  alms,  calm,  md 

A             a  a      a  (ir)  at,  fat,   cap,  fan,  cat,  care,  tare,  fare 

B  b  bee  bush,    ber'ry,    bold,  bulb,   slab,  blast 

C  c  kee  crack,   car'ry,  talc,   scant,  scamp,  can 

Ch  ch  chee  churn,  rich,  church,  chart,  such,  catch 

D  d  dee  did,  dare,  bud,  dip,  bid,  dig,  dun,  dd 

Dh  dh  thee  this^dhis,    dhen,    dhat,     widh,     dhan 

E              e  e       ay  met,   net,  den,  fen,   they,  dey,  o-bey' 

F  f  eff  fur,   fer'ry,  ford,  if,   riff,  flag,  fum'ble 

Gr  g  ghee  go,  grey,  golf,  gig,  grip,  big,  gag,  tag 

H  h  hee  hot,   hur'ry,    when,    hdld,    hasp,   hid 

I               i  i       ee  it,  in,  trip,  po-lice',  pique,    ma-chine' 

J  j  jay  judge,   just,  jib,   jet,  jog,   joint,    jab 

L  1  ell  lord,    curl,  lip,   Idrd,  lest,  blot,     slim 

M  m  em  ma-md',  am,    mum,    must,  sum,  drum 

N  n  en  n6,   notch,    note,  net,  nab,   tan,   man 

Ng  ng  ing  ring,  sung,  bring,   geng,    slang,    hang 

O              o  6      oh  o-mit',  pro-pose',  pro-mote',  vote,  r6be 

O              e  e      awe  en,    get,   sed,    deg,   n6r,   Mrse,  short 

P  p  pee  pa-pa',  prey,  ca-price',    pre-pare',  drip 

R  r  ar  red,   rare,  run,  rub,   rash,   barn,    bar 

S  s  ess  s6,    us,    s6'fa,    bless,    set,    s6rt,    sndre 

Sh  sh  ish  share,     wish,  shdre,   shaft,  ship,   dish 

T  t  tee  tart,    aii-tique',  tun,  trap,  tent,    trust 

Th  th  ith  thin,  truth,  thing,  think,  thanks,  pith 

U             u  u      oo  full,  put,  rule,   rue,  true,   rude,  gru'el 

U             u  u      u  (r)  hut,  sup,   spun,  up,  hurt,  burst,  burn 

V  v  vee  valve,    vast,   vel'vet,  have,  live,  valid 

W  w  woo  wit,   wen,  whey,  wo,  ware,  wang,  web 

Y  y  yee  yet,  ydrd,  yarn,  yes,  yule,  yam,  y6ke 

Z       z  zee  zdne,  buzz,  zest,  fez,  zinc,  wiz'ard,  fizz 

Zh     zh  zhee  azure =azh'ur,  vizh'un,  mezh'ure,    ruzh 


APPENDICS, 


In  iti  prepare^im  ev  itis  ware,  from  its  insep^un  tu  its  com- 
pli§un,  iti  etor  had  valyuabl  assistaiis  from  O.  C.  Blackmer, 
B.  A. ,  Oak  Park  ,  111. ,  Cerespendig  Secriteri  ev  iti  Chicago 
Spelig  Rifei'm  Assosie^un.  In  iti  inturest  ev  spelig  rif6rm  Mr. 
Blackmer  caindli  efurd  tu  ed  in  iti  silec^un  ev  iti  ci  wurdz  and 
tu  rid  pruf  ev  iti  fonetic  spelig.  ITis  ceniiec^un  witt  fti  wurc 
sun  rizulted  in  hiz  tecig  a  mor  activ  part  in  its  producSun.  Hi 
fuli  investigated  evri  cwesdun  riletir)  tu  spelir)  en  hwid  itar  iz 
disagrimeiit  amug  Aoz  hu  advocet  fonetic  spelir)  f6r  fti  Iggli^ 
laggwej.  Hiz  assistans  in  diturmmir)  correct  silabiceSun  >  and 
prommsies'un  ev  wurdz  cept  from  itis  buc  iti  incensistensiz 
ev  tti  dic^uneriz  and  mecs  it  a  standard  wurc  en  fti  saundz  ev 
aur  larjgwej  hwarevur  it  iz  spocn. 

ff1!  Ricerdii)  Secriteri  ev  iti  Chicago  Spelig  Kif  6rm  Assosi- 
eSun,  Profeser  George  D.  Broomell,  Chicago,  Mr.  Henry  R. 
Boss,  Chicago,  its  2d  Vais  Prezident,  and  Mr.  1ST.  J.  Werner, 
St.  Louis,  elso  rendurd  valyuabl  assistans  az  critics  and  pruf 
ridurz  ev  a  part  ev  iti  wurc. 

Mesurz  Barnhart  Bros,  and  Spindler,  Taip  Faundurz, 
Chicago,  tu  promot  spelii)  rif6rra,  enlar jd  fer  iti  eter  a  font  ev 
itar  biutiful  taip  bai  adig  tu  it  iti  niu  leturz  ev  iti  Fonetic  Ii)- 
gli§  Alfabet,  and  iti  Dearborn  Engrevii)  Cumpani,  Chicago, 
med  and  doneted  a  fotoengrevd  plet  tu  illustret  fonetic  spelig 
in  iti  script  leturz  ev  itis  alf abet. 

129 


130  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

OBZURVfiHUNZ  ON  VQUEL  UTURCLNS. 


(From  Jnlai  Nu.  1884  ev  Prosidigz   ev   CLmerican   Filolejical 
Assosie^un,  p.  xxxviii.) 

Obzurve^unz  en  vauel  uturans,  bai    A.  Schnyder,  ri ported 
bai  Prof.  W.  D.  Whitney. 

•  Prof eser  Whitney  bigan  bai  peintig  ant  tti  gret  dif iculti  ev 
difainig  and  clasifaiig  fti  vauel  saundz,  and  fti  obstinet  difur- 
ensez  ev  viu  stil  privelig  amug  fonetists  wift  rigard  tu  ivn  veri 
fundamental  points.  ITi  sistem  nau  most  in  vog  iz  flat  ev  A.M. 
Bell,  sumhwet  medifaid  in  ditel  bai  Sweet  and  utturz— a  pijun 
hoi  sistem,  faindig  pies  for  a  larj  varaiiti  ev  difurensez  ev 
saund  bai  distirjgwi^ig  ecstrim  and  midiol  pozi^unz  ev  dl  bac 
and  f runt  ev  fti  tug  and  ev  bot  tugeitur  ("inicst"),  and  bai 
adig  iti  medifice^unz  ev  "raundig"  and  ev  "waid"  uturans  az 
eppozd  tu  "praimari. "  iTi  men  fidurz  ev  ftis  sistem  me  bi 
assiumd  tn  bi  non  tu  el  hu  ceiisurn  ttemselvz  wiit  fonetics.  It 
[Bell'z  sistem]  iz  s6t  tu  bi  put  in  pies  ev  Aioldur  and  leg  curent 
traiaggiular  6r  liniar  sistem,  hwi3  recegnaizez  a  (far)  az  a 
midial  peint,  pasig  tu  i  (pic)  in  wun  direc^un  and  tn  u  (rul) 
in  tti  uttur,  tru  fti  inturmidicH  steps  ev  e(Ae)and  6  (not)  rispec- 
tivli.  Ivn  Sievers,  hu  in  tti  furst  idi§un  ev  hiz  fonetical  man- 
yual  efurz  onli  tti  latur  sistem,  nau  in  ttisecund  idi^un  prizents 
bol,  and  givz  (a  litl  dautfuli,  it  iz  tru,  and  witl  cenfeSun  ev 
unsurteiiti  az  tu  sundri  points)  tti  prefurens  tu  tti  fermur  or 
IggliS  sistem.  £Ti  spicur  sed  hi  had  nevur  bin  ebl  tu  rigard  tti 
Bell  sistem  az  enitig  at  61  approdig  tu  a  finaliti,  er  (hauevur 
aciilt  it  mait  bi  in  tti  noteSun  ev  surten  mainer  difurensez) 


AND    FONOTCLIP.  131 

az  ivn  contenig  so  mud  and  so  valyuabl  trut  az  iti  uitur  wun. 
It  misdif ainz  iti  a,  beriz  iti  prominens  and  miudual  riles'un  ov 
iti  faiv  lidig  historical  vauelz  undur  a  hip  ov  trivialitiz,  and 
givz  tu  iti  frunt  ov  tti  tug  a  praimari  importans  in  diturminig 
vauel  ton  itat  simz  bai  no  miriz  tu  bilog  tu  it.  It  haz  bin  wiit 
satisfacs'un,  tten,  itat  hi  had  risivd  from  a  corespondent  in 
Chicago,  Mr.  A.  Schnyder,  sum  obzurves*unz  upon  iti  subject 
hwid  simd  tu  him  so  inturestig  and  important  itat  hi  dizaird 
(wiit  tti  consent  ov  iti  olor)  tu  brig  item  tu  iti  attens*un  ov  iti 
Assosies*un.  Mr.  Schnyder  iz  a  netiv  ov  Switzerland,  hu,  f  urst 
in  hiz  on  cuntri  and  letur  in  itis,  haz  bin  for  mor  itan  40  yirz 
a  tidur  ov  articyule^un  tu  iti  def  and  dum,  and  haz  cum,  in  con- 
necs'un  will  itat  tidig,  tu  iti  viuz  nau  held  bai  him.  iTe  wil  bi 
steted  hir  substan^ali  in  hiz  on  wurdz. 

iTi  caracturistic  distigc^un  ov  61  iti  simpl  vauelz  iz  condis"und 
bai  iti  pozi^un  ov  iti  bac  or  rut  ov  iti  tug  and  ov  iti  farigcs, 
hwail  iti  palatal  caviti  and  iti  s"ep  ©v  iti  maut  ad  onli  traiflig 
medificeSunz.  It  iz  suffis"ent  pruf  ov  dis  itat  eni  wun  me  di  - 
tigctli  pronauns  iti  vauel  siriz  u,  6,  a,  e,  i,  wiit  iti  antirior  or- 
gaiizevspid  in  veri  difurent  pozi§unz:  itus,  for  egzampl,  wiit 
iti  tit  taitli  prest  tugeitur;  wiit  iti  lips  nirli  clozd  in  a  ficst  po- 
zis*uii;  wiA  tti  tip  ov  iti  tug  applaid  tu  iitur  iti  lour  or  tti  upur  lip; 
witt  a  rig  held  bitwin  iti  tit  and  cuvurd  bai  iti  lips;  wiit  tti  tip 
ov  iti  tug  bent  bac  upwardz  agenst  iti  hard  palet  (and,  it  me  bi 
aded,  wiit  iti  tug  in  iti  pozis"un  for  uturig  1).  Hens  it  foloz,  itat 
BelPz  discrips*un  ov  iti  pozis*uii  ov  iti  tug  for  hiz  "micst  vauelz" 
canot  posibli  bi  correct.  But  iti  prinsipal  rizult  ov  mai  inves- 
tige^un  az  tu  iti  formes'un  ov  iti  vauelz  iz  iti  discuvuri  itat  haf 
iti  vauel  siriz  iz  prodiust  bai  dipre^un  ov  iti  rut  ov  iti  tug.  6l 
privius  discrip^unz,  so  far  az  non  tu  mi,  mec  iti  vauel  saundz 
orijinet  ecsclusivli  bai  rezig  iti  tug,  and  hens  ar  onli  in  part 


132  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

correct.  Startig  from  iti  pozi^un.  ev  indifurens  ftat  mecs  fti 
niutral  vauel,  fti  siriz  toard  u  iz  med  bai  rezig  iti  bac  part  ev 
fti  tug,  itat  toard  i  bai  dipresig  fti  rut  ev  fti  tug .  ITi  accum- 
paniig  figyur  wil  So  fti  niutral  vauel  pozi^un  and  itoz  ev  u  and 
i  riSpectivli;  cti  pozi^un  ev  e  and  6  and  ev  eni  uttur  saundz,  in- 
turmidiet  bitwin  iti  niutral  vauel  and  iti  ecstrimz,  wud  bi  trest 
bitwin  ftoz  liir  givn . 


ITi  figyur  reprizents  a  purpendicyular  sec^un  ev  Ai  maul 
caviti,  from  iti  lips  az  far  bac  az  iti  vel  er  fti  paletand  epigletis. 
K"i  unbrocn  lain  §oz  fti  nititral  pozi§un  ev  iti  tun;  iti  brocn  lain, 
fti  pozi^un  fer  uturii)  u;  fti  deted  lain  itat  fer  i.  It  iz  assiumd 
ftat  fti  peint  ev  fti  tug  iz  held  truaut  agenst  fti  lour  tit. 

iTi  dipreSun  ev  fti  frunt  ev  fti  tug  in  fti  u  pozi^un  iz  simpli 
fti  nadural  censicwens  ev  fti  hum  pig  ev  fti  bac  part  ev  fti  tug; 
and  in  laic  manur,  fti  liftig  ev  fti  midl  and  frunt  part  ev  fti  tug 
in  iti  i  poziSun  iz  onli  a  neseseri  rizult  ev  fti  ritrac^un  ev  fti  rut 
ev  fti  sem  6rgan. 

In  pasig  frem  u  tu  i,  6r  fti  centreri,  onli  fti  rezig  ev  fti 
midl  and  frunt  part  ev  fti  tug  iz  distigctli  felt,  but  wun  me 
cenvins  himself  ev  fti  dipre§un  ev  fti  rut  ev  fti  tug  bai  pasig  fti 
end  ev  a  figgur  in  ovur  fti  bac  ev  iti  tug  bitwin  fti  seft  palet 


AND   FONOTdlP  133 

and  Ai  epigletis.  xTi  rizultiij  dispoziikrn  tn  "gag"  me  bi  pri- 
vented  at  furst  bed  buturii)  iti  end  ev  Ai  fingur;  but  aftur  sum 
practis  Ai  parts  gro  accustumd  tu  bi  medld  wiA,  and  mec  no 
furAur  rizistans. 

Profeser  Whitney  sed  hi  and  uAurz  had  full  cenvinst  Aem- 
selvz,  in  Ai  meted  last  discraibd,  ev  Ai  trut  ev  Mr.  Schnyder'z 
aecaunt  ev  iti  i  pozi^un  and  itat  it  simd  tu  him  a  capital  peint 
in  vauel  f6rme§un,  and  calciuleted  tu  medifai  siriusli  Ai  vifiz 
hiAurtu  enturtend  bai  fonetists. 

Mr.  Schnyder  haz  f6rmd  an  injinyus  and  practical  sistem 
ev  vauel  note^un  upen  hiz  tiori  ev  vauel  f6rme^un,  and  rigardz 
it  az  net  les  cemprihensiv  and  mor  tru  tu  Ai  facts  Aan  Beli'z. 
It  iz  tu  bi  hopt  Aat  hi  wil  sun  tec  sum  epertiuniti  tu  mec  a 
cemplit  riport  ev  hiz  ebzurve^unz  and  viuz.  [End  ev  Prof. 
Whitney 'z  rimarcs.] 

Profeser  A.  Schrivder'z  Vauel  Sistem. 


Ci  Wurdz. 

earn, 

sir,     dove,     sun 

bad 

ah 

elk 

ox,  on 

their 

all 

male 
fill 
feel 

pole 
pull 
pool. 

It  wil  bi  ebzurvd  Aat  Ai  niutral  vauel  iz  Ai  midial  peint  in 
Mr.  Schnyder'z  vauel  sistem,  Aat  hi  duz  net  dktiggwi^  bitwin 
Ai  brif  and  ful  saund  ev  u,  a,  a,  o,  and  Aat  hi  givz  tu  "ei"  in 
"their"  a  distinct  cweliti  ev  saund  net  recegnaizd  bai  Ai 
Qmerican  Filolejical  Assosie&un,  Ao  it  iz  sumtaimz  hurd  in  Ai 
spiel  ev  f  erenurz  and  in  sum  localitiz  ev  Ai  Yunaited  Stets. 


134  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

SILABIC£aUN 


In  Ai  divizun  ev  wurdz  intu  silablz,  Aar  iz  mud  divursiti 
in  Ai  dics*uneriz  and  amui)  pruf  ridurz.  ITar  ar  110  establish 
rulz  hwid  61  ar  baund  tu  rispect.  In  Ais  wurc  silabices*un  iz 
intended  tu  s*o  prommsies'uii  onli.  In  Ai  divizun  ev  Ai  ci 
wurdz  rti  rulz  ev  rti  Century  Dics*uneri,  undur  "syllabication," 
ar  menli  felod.  fFi  Century  sez:  4tITi  divizun  ev  a  wurd  ev 
mor  Aan  wun  silabl  intu  separet  silablz  iz  in  gret  mezur  an  ar- 
tifi^al  preses,  sins  a  censonant  inturvinig  bit  win  tu  vauelz  iz 
yuzuali  (si  undur  silabl)  tu  bi  recnd  az  bilenig  tu  iitur  wun  ev 
ttem  net  les  Aan  tu  rti  uitur.  iTis  iz  espe^ali  tru  ev  iti  centin- 
yaabl  censonants,  Ai  semi  vauelz  and  iti  fricativz  (Aus,  felo, 
aro,  evur,  lesur,  a§ez,  ets.);  a  miut,  particyularli  a  surd  miut 
(p,  t,  k),  haz  mor  clem  tu  go  wiA  Ai  feloig  vauel,  bicez  a  miut 
iz  mud  mor  distinctli  6dibl  upen  a  feloig  Aan  aftur  a  prisidii) 
vauel  (in  ti  Aan  in  et).  Wi  tend  elso  tu  recn  sud  a  censonant 
tu  Ai  vauel  ev  huz  fors  and  pid  it  simz  most  tu  partec;  and,  a 
leg  vauel  biii)  regyularli  a  diminyuendo  uturans,  Ai  strenl  ev 
impuls  felii)  ef  bifor  it  iz  ended,  a  feloig  censonant  simz 
nadurali  tu  bilei)  tu  Ai  vauel  Aat  sucsidz  (so  de-li,  i-Aur,  i-zi, 
ets.);  en  Ai  uAur  hand,  a  censonant  ev  eni  caind  aftur  a  s*ert 
acsented  vauel  so  s"arz  Ai  latur'z  mod  ev  uturans  az  tu  bi  nadu- 
rali and  prepurli  cembaind  wiA  it:  Aus,  bit -ur  (bitter),  tac-1 
(tackle),  en-est,  ets." 

So  hwen  cf  singl  censonant  saund  cumz  bitwin  tu  vauelz 
Ai  furst  ev  hwid  (u  alon  ecsepted)  iz  an  acsented  ful  vauel  er 
a  difben,  Ai  censonant  biginz  Ai  feloir)  silabl,  az  ni'di,  be'cur, 
pa'rent,  bd'mi,  de'tur,  po'ni,  mu'di,  §ai'nes,  dau'di,  jei'ful, 
biu'ti. 


AND    FONOTQIP.  135 

jTi  vauel  u  duz  net  cum  undur  iti  abuv  rul;  f6r  ftis 
vauel,  undur  acsent  and  felod  boi  r,  so  cembainz  wiit  iti 
r,  itat  ite  form  part  ev  a  silabl,  hweitur  iti  vauel  iz  brif  6r  ful, 
az  burl  (bur'ry),  bur'o  (bur'ro),  furl  (fur'ry),  hurl  (hur'ry), 
murl  (mur'rey),  purlg  (pur'ring),  urlrj  (er'ring). 

iTi  16  ev  list  efort  fer  distigct  uturans  ricwairz  silabice- 

undur  iti  rul  and  iti  ecsep§un  abuv  givn. 

ffl   SURCUMFLECS. 


fl?i  surcumflecs  liaz  leg  bin  yuzd  tu  dinot  prolenge^un 
ev  faiv  ev  iti  et  elimenteri  er  brif  vauel  saundz  ev  iti  In- 
gli§  langwej.  In  iti  Standard  Dic^uneri  it  iz  yuzd  ovur  e  and 
i.  Webster 'z  Inturna^unal,  1900,  so  yuzez  it  ovur  a  in  "care, " 
o  in  "nor,"  u  in  "burn."  iTi  Century  so  yuzez  it  ovur  a  in 
"all, "  o  in  "ndr.  "  Worcester  so  yuzez  it  ovur  a  in  "all,  "e  in 
"there,  "i  in  "police,"  o  in  "m6ve. " 

In  iti  Fonetic  IrjgliS  Alfabet  iti  surcumflecs  iz  yuzd  ovur 
el  iti  vauel  leturz  tu  indicet  prolenge^un  ev  itar  saundz.  iTis 
ytis  ev  iti  surcumflecs  mecs  iti  sistem  ev  vauel  note^un  simpl, 
yunifdrm,  and  saientific.  In  6rdineri  print  iti  surcumflecs  iz 
net  yuzd  ovur  a,  a,  o,  u,  fer  riziiz  steted  en  pp.  52,  56,  62,  68. 

Niu  leturz  tu  reprizent  iti  ful  6r  prolend  vauelz  wud  hav 
no  advantej  en  iti  scor  ev  lejibiliti  ovur  surcumflecst  vauelz. 
Niu  leturz  wud  bi  no  betur  fer  iti  pres,  fdriti  printur'z  ces,  f6r 
iti  pruf  ridur,  ttan  ar  surcumflecst  vauelz.  Niu  leturz  wud  net 
az  fuli  n6r  az  clirli  aidentifai  iti  cweliti  ev  iti  vauel  saundz, 
itat  iz,  So  iti  rlleJun  ev  id  ful  vauel  saund  tu  iti  brif  saund  er 
eliment  frem  hwid  it  iz  divelupt,  az  du  iti  surcumflecst  leturz, 
hwid  fer  evri  purpus  dizaird  ar  entairli  satisfactori. 


186  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

iTI  IDGLIA  ALFCLBET  IN  CUKENT  SPELID, 


a     9    It  standz  for  a,  a,  a,  a,  e,  e,  o,  6,  az  in  am,  air,  asp,  arm, 

any,  ape,  what,  hall,  and  iz  salient  az  in  head, 
b     2       "       tl   b,  az  in  bib,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  debt, 
c     6       4l       "   c,  s,  S",  z,  ch,  az  in  cap,  cent,  vicious,  sacrifice, 

violoncello,    and  iz  sailent  az  in  indict. 
d     3       4l       "   d,   t,    az  in  did,  missed,   and  iz  sailent  az  in 

Wednesday. 
e     10      4t       lt    e,  e,  i,  i,  6,  u,  u,  d,  y,  az  in  met,  they,  pretty, 

mete,  sew,  offer,  her,   sergeant,    ewer  and  iz 

sailent  az  in  heart. 

f     3        "       '  *   f ,  v,  az  in  fife,  of,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  staff, 
g    5       ' l       ' 4  g,  f ,  j ,  n,  az  in  get,  laugh,  gem,  cognac  (c6nyac), 

and  iz  sailent  az  in  reign. 

h     3       "       "   h,  I,  az  in  host,  eighth,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  ghost. 
i     7       "        "   i,  i,  u,  u,  y,  ai,  az  in  pin,  police,   tapir,  bird, 

alien,  find,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  friend. 
j     4       "       tl   j,  y,  J,  h,  az  in  jet,  jaeger,  jalousie,  jaleo. 
k     2       "       4t   c,  az  in  kind,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  back. 
1     3       ' '       1 1   1,  y,  az  in  lull,  surveillaiit,  and  iz  sailent  az  in 

calm. 

m    2       lt       "    m,  az  in  mum,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  dimmed. 
n     4       44        "     n,  g,  y,  az  in  band,  bank,  cognac  (conyac),  and 

is  sailent  az  in  solemn. 
o     12     "        l4   o,  6,  e,  6,  u,  u,  u,  u,  a,  i,  wu,  az  in  omit,  old, 

not,  nor,  does,  word,  wolf,  move,  now,  women, 

one,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  could. 

p     4       "       "   p,  f,  v,  az  in  pip,  phlegm,  Stephen,  and  iz  sai- 
lent az  in  psalm. 


AND   FONOTdlP.  137 

q     2  1 1   c,  az  in  quilt  and  iz  salient  az  in  lacquer, 

r     3  ' ;   r,  ur,  az  in  roar,  iron,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  purr. 

s     5  "   s,  z,  §,  z,  az  in  sin,  is,   sure,  measure,  and    iz 

sailent  az  in  isle, 
t     5  "   t,  d,  3,  z,  az  in  tent,  nature,  patient,  transition, 

and  iz  sailent  az  in  coquette, 
u     11     "        "   u,  u,  u,  u,  e,  i,  w,  c,  iu,   yu,   az  in  pull,  rule, 

hut,  hurt,  bury,  busy,  quit,  hough,  mute,  unit, 

and  iz  sailent  az  in  shoulder, 
v     1  "   v,  az  in  vote. 

w    3  ' '    w,  u,  az  in  woo,  vow,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  wrong. 

x     7  "   z,  c,  cs,  gz,  gz,  c§,  az  in  xebec,  excel,  tax,  exist, 

luxurious,  luxury,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  Sioux, 
y     6  "   y,  i,  u,  u,  ai,    az  in  yet, nymph,  zephyr,  myrrh, 

sty,  and  iz  sailent  az  in  they, 
z     5        "       "  z,  s,  z,  d,  azin  zest,  waltz,  azure,  mezzo,  (medzo), 

and  iz  sailent  az  in  buzz. 


IRRAfiUNCLL  SISTEMZ   OV  NOTfifiUJST. 


Profeser  Charles  P.  G.  Scott  sez  (1901),  in  a  praivet  letur 
nau  cwoted  bai  purmi^un: 

"Inmai  opinyun,  leg  held,  and  confurmd  in  Ai  most 
pezitiv  maiiur  bai  a  sumhwet  ecstended  lecsicograf  ic  ecspiriens 
and  filolejic  studi,  iti  so  cold  'sistem'  ev  note^un,  yuzd  in 
iti  curent  Qmerican  and  Irjgli^  dic^uneriz,  iz  turoli  bad — un- 
historic,  unsaientific,  unlitureri,  unscolarli,  inconsistent,  irra3- 
unal,  iiieffectiv,  uturli  sensles  in  itself.  iTar  iz  net  onli  no 
ridimig  merit  in  it,  it  iz  a  sirius  ebstacl  tu  iti  undurstandig 


138  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

and  tidig  ev  iti  simplest  facts  censurnig  fti  pronunsie§un  ev 
Iijgli§,  and  its  tru  historical  pozi^un,  and  its  rile^unz  wiit  uitur 
laijgwejez. " 

Hi  adz  letur:  "ITis  stetment  applaiz  tu  iti  curent  Qmeri- 
can  and  IggliS  dic§uneriz — Webster,  Worcester,  Stormonth,  iti 
Imperial,  and  itar  unwilig  sucseserz,  az  iti  Century  and  iti  In- 
ternational, in  iti  sem  lain  ev  cenvenSunal  notegun.  Onli  iti 
'Oxford  Dictionary'  and  iti  'Standard  Dictionary'  hav  bin  bold 
inuf  and  waiz  inuf  tu  yuz  a  note§un  best  en  historic  and  saien- 
tific  prinsiplz.  OLi  tigc  61  niu  dic^uneriz  wil  bi  bold  and  waiz 
61so." 

COMPAEISUN  0V  ALFQBETS. 


K1!  Fonetic  Irjglii?  Alfabet  and  iti  Saientific  Alfabet  ev  iti 
CLmericaii  Filolejical  AssosieSun,  fremd  in  1877,  or  net  rai- 
valz  f  6r  pepyular  fever.  rTi  Assosie^un  'z  alf  abet  iz  an  important 
muv  toardz  a  turti-tu  letur  alfabet.  It  haz  twenti-sics  leturz 
and  sics  saund  simbelz.  H"i  Fonetic  Ingli§  Alfabet  haz  turti- 
tu  leturz,  wun  for  id  elimentari  saund  ev  aur  larjgwej,  and  iz 
best  upen  iti  Saientific  Alfabet  ev  iti  CLmerican  Filolejical  As- 
sosieSun  and  Ai  riport  ev  its  cemmiti  hu  fremd  itat  alfabet. 

iTi  difurens  bitwin  itiz  alf  abets  iz  §on  in  iti  feloig  cempari- 
sunevdaigraf  simbelz  frem  wun,  and  sirjgl  leturz  frem  iti  uitur, 
yuzd  tu  reprizent  cti  sics  consonant  saundz  ev  aur  laggwej  itat 
ar  wiitaut  reprizente^un  in  iti  IrjgliS  alfabet. 


COMPARISUN  0V   ALFQBETIC   SQINZ. 


Daigraf  Simbelz:  Ch  ch,   Ngng,  Thth,  Dhdh,  Sh  sh,   Zh  zh. 
Sirgl  Leturz:         €5     d       D   g       ¥    t     K  it       fi.  §       7i    z 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  139 

ITi  daigraf  s  ch,  ng,  th,  sh,  ar  yuzd  in  curent  spelii);  dh 
haz  bin  yuzd  sins  1786  and  in  meiii  publiceskmz;  zh  haz  bin 
yuzd  in  fonetic  spelinz  for  mor  Aan  fifti  yirz  tu  reprizent  iti 
saund  ev  ltsi"  in  "vision"  (vizhun,  vizun);  and  id  ev  Aiz  dol- 
graf  simbolz  iz  yuzd  in  iti  Standard  Dic§uiieri  tu  indicet  pro- 
nunsie^un. 

iTar  ar  meni  ebjecs'imz  tu  Ai  yus  ev  daigraf  simbelz  in  a 
fonetic  alfabet  uAur  Aan  Ai  fact  Aat  sue1  simbelz  ar  cumbrus. 
iTis  wez  recegnaizd  bai  Ai  cemmiti  ev  Ai  Qmerican  Filolejical 
Associe^un  liu  f remd  its  alfabet  and  riported  '  'niu  leturz  wud 
bi  dizairabl;"  and  Ai  appruval  ev  Ais  riport  bai  Ai  Assosies*un 
iz  a  protest  bai  Ai  filelojists  agenst  Ai  ritens'un  ev  Ai  daigraf 
simbelz  az  a  part  ev  Ai  alfabet  ev  Ai  fiudur. 

Ov  Ai  niu  siggl  consonant  leturz,  g  me  bi  rigarded  az  ac- 
septed  bic6z  ev  its  leg  yus  in  fonetic  spelii)  and  in  Ai  Oxford 
Dics*uneri.  iTi  rimenii]  faiv  ev  Ai  sics  niu  consonant  leturz  ar 
dimd  wurAi  ev  traial  til  betur  f ermz  ar  invented 

THE  NEW  LETTERS— a,  e,  u— IN  CURRENT  PRINT. 

By  O.  C.  BLACKMER. 


In  order  to  popularize  the  three  new  letters  of  the  Qmerican 
Philological  Association,  and  to  cultivate  a  sense  of  phonetic 
law,  it  is  proposed  to  use  the  new  letters,  a,  e,  u,  in  print 
wherever  the  old  letters,  a,  o,  u,  have  corresponding  sounds. 
The  following  words  are  examples  of  such  use:  ask,  arm,  sofa, 
lava,  amid,  final,  net,  nor,  of,  ought,  but,  burn,  up,  urge,  sul- 
phur, murmurer,  murder. 

In  the  following  extracts,  from  addresses  and  articles  by 
Professor  Francis  A.  March,  ef  Lafayette  College,  the  new 
letter  print  is  used. 


140  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

4  'It  is  ef  no  use  to  try  to  characterize  with  fitting  epithets 
and  adequate  terms  ef  objurgation  the  monstrous  spelling  ef 
the  English  language. 

"The  time  lest  by  it  is  a  large  part  ef  the  whole  school- 
time  ef  the  mass  ef  men.  Count  the  hours  that  each  man 
wastes  through  life  from  the  hindrance  to  easy  reading,  the 
hours  wasted  at  school  in  learning  to  spell,  the  hours  spent 
through  life  in  keeping  up  and  perfecting  this  knowledge  ef 
spelling,  in  consulting  dictionaries,  a  work  that  never  ends, 
the  hours  that  he  spends  in  writing  silent  letters,  and  multi- 
ply this  time  by  the  number  ef  persons  who  speak  English,  and 
we  shall  have  a  total  ef  millions  ef  years  wasted  by  each  gen- 
eration. The  cost  ef  printing  the  silent  letters  ef  the  English 
language  is  to  be  counted  by  millions  ef  dollars  fer  each  gen- 
eration. And  yet  literary  amateurs  fall  in  love  with  these 
squintings  and  lispings.  They  try  to  defend  them  by  pleading 
their  advantages  in  the  study  ef  etymelogy.  But  a  change- 
less orthography  destroys  the  material  fer  etymological  study 
and  written  records  are  valuable  to  the  philologist  in  propor- 
tion as  they  are  accurate  records  ef  speech  as  spoken  from  year 
to  year.  (1874). 

"Our  wretched  spelling  makes  millions  ef  illiterates. 
Three  years  are  spent  in  our  primary  schools  in  learning  to 
read  and  spell  a  little.  The  German  advances  as  far  in  a 
twelve  month.  CL  large  fraction  ef  the  school  time  ef  the  mil- 
lions is  thus  stolen  from  useful  studies,  and  devoted  to  most 
painful  drudgery.  The  child  should  have  its  reason  awakened 
by  erder,  fitness,  law,  in  the  objects  it  is  first  made  to  study. 
But  woe  to  the  child  who  tries  to  use  reason  in  spelling  En- 
glish. The  whole  thing  is  confounding,  stupefying,  and  per- 
verting; it  makes  great  numbers  ef  children  hate  the  sight  ef 


AND   FONOTdlP.  141 

a  book  forever,  and  reluct  from  all  learning.  *  Good 

spelling  would  increase  by  millions  the  number  of  easy  readers 
and  by  millions  more  the  number  ef  those  fend  ef  knowledge. 
Moral  degeneracy  waits  on  ignorance.  Christianity  has  not 
half  her  strength  where  she  cannot  use  the  press.  We  ought, 
then,  to  improve  our  spelling.  (1876). 

4  'Welsh  boys  pick  up  Welsh,  and  German  boys  German, 
without  formal  teaching  ef  spelling.  They  read  right  off 
as  soon  as  they  learn  their  letters.  How  to  remove  this  diffi- 
culty and  how  to  reform  English  spelling,  is  getting  to  be  fully 
recognized  in  England  as  a  great  problem  ef  social  science  and 
ef  statesmanship.  *  *  * 

"The  introduction  ef  new  spelling  is  like  the  introduction 
ef  the  sewing  machine.  Everybody  knows  the  old  way  and 
nobody  knows  the  new.  One  generation  must  have  a  deal  ef 
trouble.  We  want  to  find  some  powerful  class  whose  interest 
in  the  change  is  such  that  it  is  best  for  them  to  take  the  trouble. 
In  the  new  spelling,  this  class  are  the  teachers,  whose  most  irk- 
some labors  will  be  lightened,  and  the  publishers,  who  will 
hope  to  win  in  the  new  field  ef  adventure  in  books.  Let  the 
teachers  start  us,  and  we  shall  all  find  heart.  * 

'  4Who  knows  but  the  good  time  may  be  near  when  it  shall 
seem  ridiculous  to  write  d-o-u-g-h  for  do,  and  p-h-t-h-i-s-i-c  for 
tizic"?  (1878.) 

"All  the  new  vowels  may  be  substituted  fer  the  old  ones 
which  they  resemble,  when  the  old  ones  have  the  intended 
sound,  without  embarassing  any  reader;  and  gradually  the 
consonants. "  (1876). 


142  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

SPELID  BQI  fTI   SQIENTIFIC   ALFQBET   OV  iTI  QMER- 
ICCLN  FILOLOJICCLL  ASSOSI&B.UN. 


(PROF.  THOMAS  R.  LOUNSBURY,  YALE  COLLEGE.) 


In  dhi  matur  ev  saundz,  a  fonetic  alfabet  wud  marc  onli 
dhoz  bred  and  clir  distirigcshunz  hwich  ar  apparent  tu  dhi  ir 
ev  erdineri  men.  6rthegrafi  best  upen  such  an  alfabet  wud 
assium,  az  dhi  veri  faundeshun  upen  hwich  tu  bild  itself,  dhi 
egzistens  ev  a  standard  pronunsieshuii.  It  iz  dhat  alon  hwich 
dhi  speliiig  wud  recegnaiz.  Provinshal  spicurz,  az  a  censi- 
cwens,  wud  hav  elwez  bifor  dhar  aiz,  in  dhi  ferm  ev  dhi  wurd 
itself,  dhi  prepur  pronunsieshun  ev  it,  bai  hwich  dhe  wud  bi 
ebl  tu  cempar,  and  if  neseseri,  tu  cerrect  dhar  on.  *  * 

Paradecsical  az  it  me  sim,  it  iz  nevurdhiles  tru,  dhat  rad- 
ical rif erm  ev  Ingglish  6rthegrafi  iz  a  censurvativ  muvment. 
*  *  * 

CL  fonetic  speling,  wuns  establisht,  wad  tich  its  on  pro- 
nunsieshun  widhaut  help  f rem  eni  udhur  cwertur.  Its  egzistens 
wud  bi  dhi  gretest  bariur  dhat  cud  bi  irected  agenst  chenj  ev 
saund.  Dhi  degradeshun  ev  dhi  fundamental  vauel  ton  ev 
dhi  veis,  dhi  a  az  hurd  in  fadhur,  haz  bin  and  iz  stil  going  en 
rapidli;  a  ficst  sain  fer  dhi  saund  wud  at  wuiis  arrest  dhi  preses 
in  el  wurdz  in  hwich  it  iz  nau  teeing  pies.  Verieshun  in  pro- 
nunsieshun  dhar  canet  f  el  tu  bi  hwail  aur  langgwej  iz  a  living 
wun,  just  az  dhar  iz  verieshun  in  grainar,  and  vocabyuleri;  but, 
az  widh  dhi  latur  dhat  verieshun  iz  ridiust  tu  dhi  loest  pesibl 
limits  hwen  wuns  a  standard  liturachur  iz  crieted,  so  wil  it  bi 


AND   FOXOTQIP.  148 

widh  dhi  fermur  hwen  wuns  a  standard  fonetic  speling  iz  es- 
tablisht.        (1882). 

4tDhar  iz  surtenli  nutliing  mor  centemptibl  dhan  aur  prez- 
ent  speling,  unles  it  bi  dhi  riznz  yuzhuali  givn  f6r  clinging  tu 
it.  (1891). 


(PROF.  S.  WELLS  WILLIAMS,  YALE  COLLEGE.) 

Wtm  argiument  in  fever  ev  yur  eforts  iz  dhi  ed  hwich 
a  betur  mod  ev  speling  Ingglish  wil  giv  tu  dhi  milyunz  ev 
£shiatics  hu  ar  nau  lurning  dhi  langgwej  and  ar  tu  lurn  it  in 
dhi  fiuchur,  az  dhi  storhaus  ev  dhi  best  liturachur  in  evri 
branch  ev  liiuman  saiens  hwich  dhe  can  rich.  *  *  CLur 

langgwej  iz  tu  bicum  dhi  lingua  Franca  ev  mancaind;  and  it  iz 
hardli  wurth  hwail  tu  riten  el  its  ecscresensez  in  dhi  aidia  dhat 
dhoz  hu  hav  tu  mastur  dhem  wil  thingc  dhi  mor  ev  an  acwi- 
zishun  hwich  haz  cest  so  much  nidles  leber. 


(REV.  MR.  ROBERTSON,  MISHUNERI.) 

Dhi  Cric  Indianz  lurn  mor  diuring  wun  de'z  tiching  en 
Sunde,  bai  ed  ev  dhar  fonetic  alfabet,  dhan  aur  children  du 
diuring  dhi  wic  in  Ingglish  speling.  CL  piupil  haz  bin  non  tu 
rait  a  letur  tu  thangc  hiz  instructor  fer  tiching  him  tu  rid  en 
dhi  furst  de  ev  teeing  up  dhi  alfabet. 


(CHARLES  SUMNER,  U.  S.  SENATOR.) 

Dhi  Ingglish  langgwej  haz  an  immens  fiuchur.  But 
dhar  must  bi  harmoni  bitwin  dhi  ritii  and  dhi  spocn  wurd.  In 
helping  dhis  riferm  yu  ar  a  benifacter.  Et  iz  an  impruvment 
ev  practical  valyu  and  much  nided. 


144  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

SILECTED  POEMZ. 


Q  SOD  ©V  HOP. 

(FIRST  PRIZE,  $1,000,  LABOR  POEM,  1895,  BY  MARY  A.  LATHBURY.) 

€ildren  ev  yesturde, 

Arz  ev  tumero, 
Hwet  ar  yu  wivii) — 

Leber  and  sero? 
Luc  tu  yur  lumz  agen; 

Fastur  and  f  astur 
Flai  iti  gret  3utlz 

Pripard  bai  Ai  Mastur. 
Laif  's  in  fti  lum, 
Eum  fer  it— rum. 

€)ildreri  ev  yesturde, 

Arz  ev  tumero, 
Laitn  fti  leber 

And  switn  iti  sero. 
~Nau  hwail  iti  ^utlz  flai 

Fastur  and  fastur, 
Up,  and  bi  at  it — 

At  wurc  wiit  iti  Mastur. 
Hi  standzat  iti  lum, 
Rum  fer  Him — rum. 

€ildren  ev  yesturde, 

Arz  ev  tumero, 
Luc  at  yur  fabric 

Ov  leber  and  sero, 
Simi  and  dare 

Witt  dispar  and  dizastur, 
Turn  it— and  lo, 

ITi  dizain  ev  iti  Mastur! 
fTi  Lerd'z  at  iti  lum, 
Rum  fer  Him— rum. 


AND  FONOTQIP.  145 

L6RD  OV  6L. 


(OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES.) 

Lord  ev  61  biig,  Irond  afar, 
ITai  glori  flemz  from  sun  and  star; 
Sentur  and  sol  ev  evri  sfir, 
Yet  tu  i£  luvig  hart  hau  nir  ! 

Sun  ev  aur  laif ,  ITai  cwicnig  re 
jledz  en  aur  pat  iti  glo  ev  de; 
Star  ev  aur  hop,  fTai  sefnd  lait 
€irz  iti  leg  wedez  ev  iti  nait. 

CLur  midnait  iz  iTai  small  wittdr6n; 
CLur  nuntaid  iz  iTai  gre^us  den; 
OLur  renbo  ard,  iTai  mursi'z  sain; 
6l,  sev  Ai  claudz  ev  sin,  ar  Aain. 

Lerd  ev  el  laif,  bilo,  abuv, 
Huz  lait  iz  trut,  huz  w6rmt  iz  luv; 
Bifor  ITai  evur-blezig  tron 
Wi  asc  no  lustur  ev  aur  on. 

Grant  us  iTai  trfrt  tu  mec  us  fri, 
And  cindlig  harts  dat  burn  f er  ITi, 
Til  61  K"ai  livig  eltarz  clem 
Wun  holi  lait,  wun  hevnli  flem. 

PRtEF  OV  LUV  AND  PdUUR. 

(W.  C.  BENNETT.) 

"Ged  wilz  but  il,  "  rti  dautur  sed; 

4'Lo,  taim  dut  ivl  onli  bar; 

Giv  mi  a  sain  Hiz  luv  tu  pruv, 

Hiz  vanted  gudnea  tu  diclar. ' ' 

H"i  poet  p6zd  j  ust  hwar  a  f  lauur, 

CL  simpl  dezi,  stard  iti  sed, 

And  ansurd:    "Pruf  ev  luv  and  pauur, 

Bihold— bihold  a  smail  ev  Ged," 


146  MOTT'S  FON0LOJI 

ITURNQL  JUSTIS 


(BY  CHARLES  MACAY,  IN  J.  OF  O.  AND  O.) 

BTi  man  iz  let  a  nev  er  ful, 

6r  biget  pletii)  craim, 
Hu,  for  fti  advansment  ev  hiz  caind, 

Iz  waizur  ftan  hiz  taim. 
For  him  fti  hemloc  Sal  distil; 

For  him  fti  acs  bi  bard; 
For  him  rti  jibet  Sal  bi  bilt; 

F6r  him  fti  stec  pripard. 
Him  Sal  Ai  scorn  and  rot  ev  men 

Pursiu  witt  dedli  em; 
And  malis,  envi,  spait,  and  laiz 

vfi.al  desicret  hiz  nem. 
But  tr&t  Sal  corjcur  at.  iti  last, 

F6r  raund  and  raund  wi  run, 
And  evur  fti  rait  cumz  upurniost, 

And  evur  iz  justis  dun. 

Pes  Iru  Aai  sel,  old  Socratiz, 

€irli  tu  and  fro; 
Trust  tn  fti  impuls  ov  Aai  sol, 

And  let  fti  poizn  flo. 
iTe  me  Satur  tu  fti  urt  fti  lamp  ov 

ITat  holdz  a  lait  divaiii, 
But  fte  canot  cwend  fti  fair  ev  I6t 

Bai  eni  sud  dedli  wain; 
K"e  canet  blot  iti  spocn  wurdz 

From  cti  memori  ev  man, 
Bai  el  tti  peizn  dat  evur  wez  brM, 

Sins  taim  its  cors  bigan. 
Tude  abherd,  tumero  adord, 

So  raund  and  raund  wi  run, 
And  evur  fti  trirt  cumz  upurmost, 

And  evur  iz  justis  dun. 


AND  FONOTdlP.  147 

ffIS  STRftNJ  LADGWEJ. 


(FROM  PHILADELPHIA  BULLETIN.) 

Hwen  fti  IgglM  tug  wi  spic 

Hwaiiz  "break"  n0t  raimd  wift  "freak?" 

Wil  yu  tel  mi  hwai  it's  tru 

Wi  se  "sew,"  but  laicwaiz'"few?" 

And  tti  mecur  0v  a  vurs 

Can0t  cap  hiz  "horse"  wift  "worse." 

"Beard"  saundz  net  iti  sem  az  "heard;" 

And  "ford"  duz  not  raim  wift  "word/" 

"Cow"  iz  cau,  but  "low"iz  lo; 

"Shoe"  iz  nevur  raimd  wift  "foe." 

¥igc0v  "hose"  and  "dose"  and  "lose;" 

And  0v  "goose" — and  yet  0v  "choose." 

Tirjc  0v  "comb"  and  "tomb "and  "bomb;" 

"Doll "and  "roll;"  and  ''home "and "some." 

And  "pay"  iz  raimd  wift  "say," 

Hwai  not  "paid"  wift  "said,"  ai  pre? 

Wi  hav  "blood"  and  "food "and  "good;" 

"Mould "iz  not  pronaunst laic  "could;" 

Hwarfor  "done"  but  "gone"  and  "lone?" 

Iz  ftar  eni  rizn  non? 

And  in  3ert,  it  simz  tu  mi 

Saund  and  leturz  disagri. 

LOJIC  ©V  IVENTS. 

(JAMES  ROGERS.) 

Sum  men  luv  rait  wift  61  ftar  hart, 
And  sum  luv  reg  at  veri  start, 

And  sum  ar  en  fti  fens. 
6l  yild  pet  scimz,  hauevur  dir, 
Hwen  led  bai  riznz,  az  med  clir 

Bai  lejic  0v  i vents. 


148  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

Cemurs,  and  grid,  and  hwim  me  wet 
Slo  muvments  ev  iti  jenural  stet, 

But  just  is  c61z  f6r  l  'Nau. " 
Nau  iz  rti  taim  tu  tec  up  armz 
And  fait  61  renz  and  hctrmz; 

Pre  Ged  tu  §o  us  hau, 

Nau  iz  tti  taim  tu  step  wun  rag 
And  3o  aur  sens  e>v  jutis  stren, 

Bai  givii)  children  rait. 
Hwen  leturz  hav  wun  surten  saund 
iTi  we  tu  lurnig  wil  bi  f  aund. 

And  studi  bi  dilait. 


PUR  ON. 

(ALICE  GARY.) 

Sic  net  tu  wee  bai  berod  lait, 

But  cip  untu  ftain  on: 
Du  hwet  itau  duest  w^itt  rtai  maitj 

And  trust  itaiself  alon! 

Straiv  net  tu  baniS  pen  and  daut 

In  plezur'z  iieizi  din; 
JTi  pis  ttau  sicest  fer  wiitaut 

Iz  onli  f  aund  wiitin. 

If  f6rdun  disrigard  ftai  clem, 
But  wurt,  liur  slait  attest; 

N6r  bluS  and  hai)  fti  hed  fer  gem 
Hwen  itau  hast  dun  Aai  best. 

Disden  neglect,  ignor  dispar; 

On  luvz  and  f rend&ps  gen 
Plant  itau  itai  fit,  az  en  a  star, 

And  maunt  rait  up  and  en. 


AND   FONOTQIP.  149 

QMEEICQ'Z  BIATITltlD. 

(SECOND  PRIZE  LABOR  POEM,  1895,  BY  M.  S.  PADEN.) 

O,  hare!  f6r  iti  aur  iz  cuniig  hwen  yur  irz  s'al  anointed  bi! 
fi,  lisn!  tizraizig  and  swelig  o'r  popyulus  land  and  si! 
ITi  mornig  starz  bigan  it  at  iti  don  &v  crie^un'z  burl, 
And  iti  surclig  sfirz  go  swigig  and  sigig  untu  url! 
And  urt  s'al  forget  hur  gronig, 
And  lurn.  iti  sog  ov  iti  sfirz; 
And  Ai  taird  §al  sig  itat  ar  monig, 
And  Ai  sad  s'al  drai  itar  tirz. 

Corus — Blesed  ar  ite  itat  wurc!  F6r  ite 

ftal  inherit  iti  url,   in  iti  donig  de! 

For  iti  sog  ov  iti  sfirz  iz  mos'un,  and  mos'un  and  toil  ar  laif, 
And  iti  aidl  s'al  fel  and  foltur  and  yild  at  iti  end  ov  iti  straif. 
Az  iti  starz  tred  paitz  appointed  and  iti  sun  givz  forl  hiz  hit, 
So  iti  sunz  ov  men  s'al  lebor  £r  ite  loitur  in  lizur'z  sit. 
And  cigz  ar  tu  surv  iti  pipl, 
And  welt  iz  tu  iz  iti  pur, 
And  lurnig,  tu  lift  iti  loli, 

And  stregt,  itat  wi  me  endiur. 

Corus — Blesed  ar  ite  ttat  wurc!  For  ite 

vfi.al  inherit  iti  urt,  in  iti  donig  de! 

Lo!  5?i  burdn  ^al  bi  divaided;  and  id  §al  no  hiz  on; 
And  iti  roialti  ov  manhud  §al  bi  mor  itan  craun  6r  Iron; 
And  iti  fle§  and  blud  ov  iti  toilurz  s'al  no  loggur  bi  les  itan  gold; 
And  nevur  an  oiiest  laif  §al  bi  intu  hoples  bondej  sold ! 
For  wi,  iti  pipl,  or  wecig 

And  hai  and  lo  s'al  emplei 
ITi  splendid  stregt  ov  yunyun 
Fdrlaif,  liburti,  andjei! 

Corus— Blesed  ar  ite  itat  wurc!  For  it6 

flal  inherit  iti  urt,  in  iti  denig  de! 


150  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

OPINYUNZ 


(PROF.  W.  D.  WHITNEY,  YALE  COLLEGE.) 

CL  f  onetic  ertegrafi  iz,  ev  itself,  in  el  rispects  dizairabl, 
and  itar  iz  no  gud  rizn  agenst  it  sev  iti  incenvinyens  av  so  gret 
a  denj.  Evri  tioretical  and  practical  c^nsidure^un  mecs  in  its 
fever.  ITi  gret  nid  nau  iz  tu  enlaitn  iti  public  maind,  tu  §o 
Aat  iti  hestiliti  tu  f  one  tic  spelir)  iz  iti  rizult  ev  a  blairid  preju- 
dis  alon,  and  riali  faunded  en  nun  ev  iti  riznz  hwid  ar  yuiuali 
allejd  in  its  support;  itat  itar  iz  iiulirj  secred  in  iti  ritn  wurd;  itat 
larjgwej  iz  spid  net  spelirj;  and  itat  practical  cenvinyens  iz  iti 
onli  tru  test  ev  iti  valyu  ev  an  6rlograf ic  sistem.  *  *  * 

It  iz  iti  genure^unz  ev  dildren  tu  cum  hu  appil  tu  us  tu 
sev  item  frem  iti  afflic^uii  wi  hav  eiidiurd  and  fergetn. 

(PROF.  GEORGE  D.  BROOMELL.) 

iTi  advantejez  ev  f  onetic  speliij  me  bi  sumaraizd  itus: 

1 .  Icenomi  ev  spes,  taim,  and  ecspens  in  raitirj  and  printirj. 

2.  Riduc^un  ev  taim  and  efort  in  lurnig  tu  rid  frem  yirz 
ev  drujuri  tu  munis  ev  plizirj  activiti. 

3.  Insted  ev  iti  nau  endles  and  impesibl  tasc  ev  masturig 
spelirj  wi  Sud  hav  onli  earful  atten^un  tu  correct  pronunsie- 
3un. 

4.  H"i  preses  ev  lurnirj  tu  rid  and  spel  wud  bi  a  lejical 
wun,  and  hens  wud  divelup   analitical   pauur,  iti  besis  ev  el 
lirjcirj  activiti.     William  T.  Harris,  iti  haiest  ejuce§unal  efisur 
in  iti  Yunaited  Stets,  sez  itat  piupilz  t6t  bai  iti  f  onetic  meled 
4  'm^c  betur  arilmitic  and  gramar  scelarz,  and  ar  mor  waid  awec, 
attentiv,  and  discriminetin. ' ' 


AND   FONOTdlP.  151 

5.  STi  sevig  ev  an  immens  amaunt  ev  taim  subsicwent  tu 
scul  laif ,  nau  lost  in  lucig  up  pronunsie^un  and  ricuvurig  lest 
6rtegrafi. 

6.  F6renurz  wud  lurn  iti  laggwej  so  redili  itat  ite  wud 
bicum  OLmericanaizd  mud  mor  rapidli  and  turoli  itan  nau. 

7.  ITi  rapid  diminius'un  and  f oinal  ecstigcs*un  ev  illiturasi, 
and  hens  a  haiur  sivilizes'uii  evri  we. 

8.  fTi  rapid  spred  av  Ii]gli3  in  parts  ov  iti  wurld  hwar  it 
iz  nau  litl  non,  wift  rti  prebabiliti  ev  its  bicumig  iti  wurld  lag- 
gwej. 

6l  tioretical  censidure^unz  sim  tu  ricwair  rtat  tidurz  ^ud 
bi  speliq  riferraurz.  ETar  ar  meni  activ  rifdrmurz  omug  item; 
a  fiu  ar  liestil,  but  iti  gret  mas  ar  indif urent.  Hi  taim  wil  cum 
hwen  tidurz  wil  bi  in  iti  muvment,  but  hweitur  ite  Sal  bi  pu^t 
intu  it,  6r  assium  a  velunteri  lidur^ip,  az  ite  §ud,  ai  gal  net 
vendur  tu  prefisai. 


(JACOB  GRIMM,  PHILOLOGIST') 

Did  net  a  hwimzical,  anticweted  6rlegrofi  stand  in  iti 
we,  iti  yunivursaliti  ev  iti  IggliS  laggwej  wud  bi  stil  mor  evi- 
dent: and  wi  uitur  Yuropianz  me  estim  aurselvz  f6rdunet  itat 
iti  IggliS  nes"un  liaz  net  yet  med  iti  discuvuri. 


(ANDREW  D.  WHITE,  U.  S.  AMBASSADOR  TO  BERLIN.) 

Q.  riferm  in  spelig  iz  61  itat  iz  nided  tu  mec  Iggli^  iti  most 
izi  tu  accwair  ev  iti  lidig  medurn  laggwej  ez  —  in  fact,  61  itat  iz 
nided  tu  mec  it  mor  and  mor  iti  laggwej  ev  cemurs  Irtiaut  Ai 
wurld.  Indid,  ai  hav  leg  bilivd  itat  iti  nirest  approd  hwid  rti 
hiuman  res  wil  evur  mec  tu  a  yunivursal  laggwej  wil  bi 
prepurli  spelt. 


152  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

(W.  T.  STEAD,  EDITOR,  ENGLAND.) 

Sum  de  iti  Qmerican,  wiit  hiz  caracturistic  directnes  and 
jinyus  for  goig  stret  tu  iti  point,  recognaizig  ttat  iti  wun  gret 
©bstacl  in  iti  we  ©v  iti  IngliS  larjgwej  az  a  minz  ©v  cemmiunice- 
§un  bitwin  man  and  man  iz  its  speliij,  wil  tec  curej  and  ridius 
iti  laggwej  ©v  Shakespeare  and  Milton  tu  a  fonetic  sistem.  ITi 
litureri  sens  3udurz  at  iti  disappirans  ev  iti  familyar  wurdz, 
hwid  hav  bicum  indisolubli  assorted  wiit  iti  aidiaz  hwid  ite 
ecspres,  but  from  a  practical  point  ov  viu,  Ai  cenvinyens  ov  iti 
denj  wild  bi  incalciulabl.  iToz  hu  livin  iti  piriod  ov  transizun 
wil  hav  a  bad  tcdm,  but  61  fiudur  jenure^unz  wil  gen  hwen  iti 
spelig  ov  &>i  wurdz  iz  med  tu  corespond  tu  iti  we  in  hwid  ite  or 
proiiaunst.  ff'us  posibli  iti  CLmericanz  me  adopt  iti  denj  meni 
yirz  bifor  it  iz  acsepted  in  mor  consurvativ  Briton. 

(MARY  B.  RUDIBOC,  TEACHER.) 

Cud  61  bucs  f6r  iti  praimari  gredz  bi  -printed  in  fonic 
spelin,  riformurz  wud  fil  itat  a  larj  part  ©v  itar  wurc  woz  dun. 
Ov  cors,  from  a  biznes  point  ov  viu,  aur  spelig  ficst  upon  a 
fonic  besis  f6r  61  wud  bi  a  gret  sevig  ©v  enurji,  spes,  taim,  and 
muni.  *  *  *  Suppoz,  hauevur,  di  riform  cud  bi  accomplish 
at  wuns,  so  far  az  havirj  bucs  publi^t  in  fonic  spelii)  f6r  litl 
dildren  iz  consurnd,  wud  itat  ©v  iiisesiti  dipraiv  adults  ©v  ridig 
matur?  Hwen  cacstovz  and  lamps  wur  iiitrodiust,  did  itat 
dipraiv  itoz  hu  wonted  item  ov  itar  becuvnz  and  talo  candlz? 
On  Ai  contreri,  wur  n©t  bot  in  yus  at  iti  sem  taim?  W©z  eni 
iiic©nvinyenst  itarbai?  Or  woz  itar  enitii)  incorjgruus  in  it? 
6r  wil  itar  bi  enitir)  incengruus  or  incompatibl  in  havig  ridig 
matur  in  f©nic  print,  f6r  6ildren,  and  iti  cemun  print  f©r  itoz 
adults  hu  me  wi^  tu  yuz  it?  CLi  tine  n©t.  Wi  hav  net  yet  Iron 
awe  61  iti  bucs  printed  in  iti  taim  ©v  Chaucer,  Shakespeare, 


AND   FONOTCLIP.  153 

Milton  and  uiturz.     *     *     *     "Fir  net,  ften,  yii  hu  tigc  aur 
spelig  nidz  tu  bi  denjd.     Yii  wil  net  bi  dipraivd  ev  yur  ridig 
matur.    ¥ro  yur  firz  and  prejudisez  tu  iti  windz,  and  help  witt 
yur  hart,  handz,  and  purs,  in  itis  wurc  so  mud  nided  tu  bi  dun. 
— From  dhi  Jurnal  of  Orthoepi  and  Orthografi. 

(DR.  JAMES  A.  H.  MURRAY,  UNIVERSITY  OF  OXFORD.) 

Mai  dicSuneri  ecspiriens  haz  Son  mi  itat  iti  erdineri  appilz 
tu  etimeloji  agenst  spelig  rif6rm  uturli  brec  daun  upen  egzam- 
ine^un.  Fonetic,  itat  iz  tu  se  trulful,  note^un  iz  absol&tli  nes- 
eseri  tu  evri  stiudent  ev  laggwej. 

(PROF.  A.  H.  SAYCE,  UNIVERSITY  OF  OXFORD.) 

ITi  ebjec^un  itat  a  rif6rmd  spelig  wud  distrei  cti  centi- 
niiiiti  ev  a  larjgwej,  er  censil  iti  etimeloji  ev  its  wurdz,  iz  rezd 
onli  bai  ignorans  and  siupurf  i^ialiti  Ii)gli3  spelig  iz  gud  f er 
litl  els  but  tu  sugjest  f61s  etimelojiz.  Etimeloji  dilz  wiit 
saundz,  net  wirt  leturz. 

(PROF.  J.  A.  HARRISON,  WASHINGTON  AND  LEE  UNIVERSITY.) 

Nulii)  cud  bi  mor  unsaientific,  illejical,  burdnsum  and 
absurd  itan  iti  so  celd   histerical  spelig  ev   IggliS  nau  in  vog. 
*     *     CLi  vendur  tu  se  itar  iz  net  a  siggl  liggwist  ev  eni  emi- 
nens  in  itis  cuntri  er  in  Iggland  hu  iz  net  ardentli  in  fever  ev 
iti  riferm;  and  tu  iti  liggwists  az  speSalists  itis  ewes- 

dun  mor  particyularli  bilegz .  *  *  *  Frem  wun  ev  iti  iziest 
ev  laggwejez  tu  lurn,  Iggli^  hazbicum  wun  ev  iti  hardest;  and 
if  it  iz  evur  tu  bicum  a  wurld  laggwej,  az  Whitney  sez,  it  iz 
absolutli  neseseri  itat  wi  §ud  Iro  aut  ev  it  iti  sailent,  siupur- 
fluus  leturz,  iti  recs  evan  ovurtron  sistem,  and  simplifai  it  f6r 
iti  cemprihen^un  ev  ferenurz  and  aurselvz. 


154  MOTT'S  FONOLOJI 

(PROF.  MAX  MUELLER,  UNIVERSITY  OF  OXFORD.) 

Az  iti  met  rigard  for  trul  and  rizn,  hauevur  d6rmant  6r 
timid  at  taimz,  haz  61wez  pruvd  irrizistabl  in  iti  end,  eneblig 
men  tu  part  wiit  61  ite  hold  most  dir  and  secred,  hweitur  C6rn 
lez  er  Stuart  dainastiz,  6r  pepal  legatiz,  6r  hiitn  aidelz,  ai  daut 
net  but  itat  aur  effit  and  corrupt  6rtegrafi  wil  felo  in  itar 
tren. 

(PROF.  JAMES  ROGERS,  CRESTVIEW,  FLA.) 

Mcd  absdrbii)  dizair  iz  a  practical,  wurcig,  f onic  alf abet  in 
praimari  scftlbucs  at  iti  urliest  det.  *  *  Cip  up  a  plen 

yet  forsful  and  purzistent  prezente^un  ev  Ai  fonetic  scim,  til 
Aoz  hu  du  not  welcum  it  Sal  no  inuf  abaut  its  purpus  and  prog- 
res  tu  bi  ebl  tu  giv  a  purtinent  rizn  f6r  rijectig  it,  if  stil  ite 
du  riject  it. 

(HEBERT  SPENCER.) 

CL  complit  fonetic  sistem  ov  spelig  iz  veri  dizairabl,  but 
ai  am  bai  no  minz  surten  flat  it  iz  dizairabl  tu  introdius  a  haf 
and  haf  sistem,  sins,  if  establish,  it  wud  stand  in  iti  we  ev  a 
cemplit  sistem.  (1892.) 


TU  TIGURZ. 


iTi  intelijent  and  progresiv  tidur  ev  ecspiriens  wil  divaiz 
meni  wez  ev  yuzir)  rtis  buc  and  alfabet  in  iti  sculrum  tu  impart 
tu  hiz  6r  hur  piupilz  nelej  ev  iti  saundz  ev  aur  laggwej  and  tu 
tic1  standard  pronunsie^un;  but  iti  yui)  tidur  6r  wun  hu  in  yul 
wez  net  turoli  instructed  in  itis  imp6rtant  brand  ev  ejuce^un 
wil  faind  iti  feloig  sugjesdunz  tu  bi  ev  assistans. 


AND  FONOTCLIP.  155 

BLACBORD  WURC.—  ffi  tidur  §ud  rait  en  iti  blacbord  a 
lain  ev  wurdz  az  feloz: 
knowledge    watch    through    though    thought    break    weigh 

iTen  ricwair  sum  wun  ev  iti  piupilz  tu  rait  undur  id  wurd 
its  fonetic  spelirj  in  iti  Fonetic  IggliS  Alf  abet  tu  So  its  pronun- 
sie^un.  6r  iti  tidur  me  eel  en  sum  wun  ev  iti  clas  tu  nem  iti 
fonetic  leturz  in  iti  6rdur  in  hwid  iti  saundz  ar  hurd,  hwid  let- 
urz  iti  piupil  at  iti  bord  me  rait  undur  iti  wurdz  ev  iti  lesn,  aftur 
hwid  memburz  ev  iti  clas  §ud  bi  ricwaird  tu  cerrect  iti  fonetic 
spelii)  if  neseseri. 

DESC  WURC.—  ffi  tidur  §ud  ricwair  rti  piupilz  tu  rait  in 
curent  spelir)  on  a  raitig  pad  wurdz  from  ecsursaizez  in  itis  buc. 
iTi  piupilz  iten  cloz  itar  bucs  and  binit  id  wurd  §o  bai  fonetic 
spelir)  its  cerrect  pronunsie^un.  Cerrec^unz  me  bi  med  bai  piu- 
pilz, er  tidur,  bai  cemparisun  wiit  iti  buc. 

ORCLL  WURC.  —  Az  divur^un  frem  itar  sttrdiz,  iti  piupilz 
me  jein  in  a  censurt  ecsursaiz  and  giv  iti  nemz  ev  iti  leturz 
ev  iti  Fonetic  Ii)gli§  Alfabet.  (See  page  6.)  In  no  uitur  we  can 
iti  saundz  ev  aur  larjgwej  bi  so  izilitet.  Oral  ecsursaizez  me  bi 
meni  and  verid.  ITis  buc  me  bi  yuzd  az  a  ridur  tu  tid  proiiun- 
sie§un. 


(OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES.) 

Stic  tu  ytir  em;  iti  murjgrel'z  hold  wil  slip, 
But  onli  crobarz  lus  iti  buldeg'z  lip: 
Sm61  az  hi  lues,  iti  36  itat  nevur  yildz, 
Dragz  daun  iti  beloig  menarc  ev  iti  fildz. 


156 


MOTTS    FONOLOJI 


CLCLSIFICfiRUN  OV   SI  VCLUEL  SdUNDZ 
OV  £TI  IDGLia  AND  OV  ITI  SPANLR  LADGWEJEZ. 


L 

E  T  T  E  R  S 

ENG 

LISH 

SPANISH 

SOUNDS 

Brief  Sounds 

Full  Sounds 

Brief  Sounds           Full  Sounds 

Caps 

Brief       Full       Names 

Key 

Words 

Key  Words 

I 

i         i         ih 

ill 

eel 

ig-na'ro        i'da 

il 

il 

ig-nd'ro         i'da 

E 

e         e         eh 

end 

ate 

es-pi'ta          e-den' 

end 

et 

es-pi'ta          e-den' 

A 

a        a        ah 

am 

air 

am 

ar 

U 

u         u       uh 

hut 

hurt 

hut 

hurt 

a 

a         a        ah 

so'  fa 

calm 

sa-pan'           pa'lo 

sd'fa 

cam 

sa-pdn'          palo 

0 

e         6         oh 

Oil 

orb 

on 

orb 

o 

o         6         6h 

o-mit' 

old 

o-cal'             o'bra 

o-mit' 

61d 

o-cdr              o'bra 

u 

u        u         uh 

pull 

rule 

u-si'a              u'fo 

pul 

nil 

u-si'a              u'fo 

DIFTODZ. 

The  Berlitz  School  of  Lan- 

guages, Auditorium,    Chica- 

ai 

az  in     I     eye 

iu  az  in 

new  mute 

go,  assisted  the  author  iti  ap- 
plying the  Phonetic  English 
Alphabet  to  the  Spanish  lan- 

ai ai 

niu  miut 

guage. 

See     New  Velazquez    Dic- 

au 

az  in    out  now 

oi  az  in 

toil  toy 

tionary,  Part    first:  Spanish- 

aut  nau 

tol    tei 

English,  1900. 

AND  FONOTQIP.  157 

CLQSIFIC&fUJN  OV  E1!  CONSONCLNT  SdUNDZ 
0V  SI  IDGLLfi.  AND  OV  ITI  SPANIR  LADGWEJEZ. 


E 

X  F=  l_ 

0  D  E  l\l  T  © 

L 

ETT  E 

RS 

E 

NGLISH 

SPAN 

ISH 

Caps 

Lower  Case 

Names 

Key  Words 

Key  Words 

P 

P 

PI 

pip 
pip 

pop 
pep 

pe'do 
pe'do 

pe'ro 
pe'ro 

B 

b 

bi 

bib 
bib 

bulb 
bulb 

ba'jo 
bd'ho 

ba'ba 
bd'ba 

T 

t 

ti 

tent 
tent 

trust 
trust 

ta'bla 
td'bla 

ta'jo 
td'ho 

D 

d 

di 

did 
did 

deed 
did 

de 

de 

de'jo 
de'ho 

€ 

d 

di 

chin 
din 

church 
durd 

cha'pa 
dd'pa 

che-linf 
de-lin' 

J 

3 

je 

jet 
jet 

gem 
jem 

C 

c 

ci 

cat 
cat 

crack 
crac 

ca'bo 
cd'bo 

ca'ro 
cd'ro 

G 

g 

gi 

get 
get 

gag 
gag 

gala 
gala 

ga'ya 
gd'ya 

o 

CDNT 

1  IN  U  A  IMT© 

F 

f 

ef 

fill 
fil 

skiff 
scif 

fa'ja 
fd'ha 

fal'ta 
fdl'ta 

V 

V 

vi 

vest 
vest 

give 
giv 

va'ca 
vd'ca 

va'no 
vd'no 

158 


MOTT'S  FONGLOJI 


LETTERS 


ENGLISH 


SPANISH 


y 

I 

il 

thin 
tin 

pith 
pit 

ce'ja 
te'ha 

ce'na 
te'na 

H1 

A 

fti 

this 

with 

itis 

wiit 

S 

8 

es 

siss 
sis 

since 
sins 

sa'po 
sd'po 

sa'co 
sd'co 

Z 

Z 

zi 

zest 

buzz 

zest 

buz 

fi 

g 

il 

show 

fish 

do 

fifl 

TL 

Z 

zi 

az'ure 
ai'ur 

rouge 
ruz 

L 

.IQUI  D© 

.      E-TO. 

L 

1 

el 

mi 

tick'le 

len'te 

len 

lil 

tic'l 

len'te 

len 

K 

r 

dr 

roar 

rave 

ra'ro 

ra'mo 

ror 

rev 

rd'ro 

rd'mo 

W 

w 

wu 

woo 

wave 

wu 

wev 

Y 

y 

yi 

yet 
yet 

you 
yu 

yes'ca 
yes'ea 

lla'ma 
lyd'ma 

M 

m 

em 

met 

mum 

mu'cho 

ma'lo 

met 

mum 

mii'do 

mdlo 

N 

n 

en 

net 

none 

ni'na 

ni'no 

net 

riun 

ni'nya 

ni'nyo 

D 
H 

h 

hi 

bank 
bagc 

hen 
hen 

king 
cig 

have 
hav 

hi'ja 
i'ha 

ho'ja 
6'ha 

AND  FONOTQIP. 


159 


Contents 


PAGE 

Photoengraving  of  the  author 2 

Title  page 3 

Copyright  page . . . .     4 

Dedication 5 

Chart  of  Phonetic  English  Alphabet  .6-7 

Preface 8-9 

Phonetic  Spelling 10-11 

Excerpts  from  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris...  12-13 
The  Phonetic  English  Alphabet. .  .14-15 

Names  of  the  Letters 18-19 

Rule  for  Spelling 18-19 

Illustrations  of  Spelling 18-19 

The  Sounds  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage  20-21 

Definition  of  Vowel  Sounds 20-21 

Definition  of  Consonant  Sounds. ..  20-21 

Brief  and  Full  Vowels 24-25 

Diphthongs 24-25 

Representation  of  the  Sounds 26-27 

Analysis  of  the  Vowel  Sounds 28-29 

Diagram  of  Vowel  Utterance 28-29 

Cognate    Sounds 28-29 

Fronted  and  Raised  Vowels 30-31 

Rounded    Vowels 30-31 

Diagram  of  Serial  V.  Utterance.. 32-33 
New  Classification  of  Vowel  Sounds  34-35 
New  Diagram  of  Vowel  Utterance  34-35 
New  Linear  Diagram  of  Vowel 

.   Utterance 36~37 

Prof.  A.  Schnyder's  Observations 

on  Vowel  Utterance 36-37 

Instruction  for  Uttering  V.  Sounds. 38-39 
Excerpts  from  Dr.  James  A.  H. 

Murray. 38-39 

Excerpts  from  O.  C .  Blackmer. . . .  40-41 
«  "    Dr.  F.W.  Fricke.. 40-41 

"  "     Dr.Francis  A.March  42-43 

0  "    Century  Dictionary. 44-45 


PAGE 

Excerpts  from  Webster's   Interna- 
tional Dictionary.. 44-45 

Excerpts  from  The  Standard  Dic- 
tionary   46-47 

Worcester's  Dictionary 48-49 

Excerpts  from  the  English  Dic- 
tionary  50-51 

Les.    1,  Sound  of  u;  Exers.  follow. 52-53 
"     2,        "      "a;       "  "     54-55 

"3,        "     « e;       "  "     68-59 

"     4,        "      "o;       "  "     60-61 

«     5,        "      "  u;        "  "     64-65 

i«     ef        »      « a:       «  ««     66-67 

«     7,        "      "  e;        "  "     70-71 

•«8,        "      "  i;       "  "     74-75 

"     9,    Diphth.   ai;     "  "     78-79 

"   10,        "          au;     "  "     80-81 

"    11,       «          iu;     "  "     82-83 

««    12,        «          ei;     "  "     84-85 

Analysis  of  the  Consonant  Sounds  86-87 
Classification  of  the  Cons't  Sounds.86-87 
Les.  13,  Sound  of  p;  Exers.  follow. 88-89 
«   14,       «      «    b;       "  "    88-89 

«  15>        «      ,.    t;        «.  «    90-91 

«  16,        "      «    d;       "  "    92-93 

«  17,        "      "  ch;        "  "    92-93 

«  18,        «      "      j;        "  <f    96-97 

«  19'        «      «    c;        ««  «    98-99 

««  21,'  "  "     f;  "  100-101 

"  22,  "  "    v;  "  102-103 

"  23*,  "  "  th;  "  102-103 

«  24*  "  i;  dh;  "  104-105 

u  25^  "  "     s;  "  106-107 

,.  26,'  "  "     z;  "  108-109 

"  27*.  "  "   sh;  "  108-109 

"  28*.  "  "  zh;  "  110-111 

«  29,  "  "     1;  "  112-113 


160 


MOTT'S  FONOLOJI. 
CONTENTS— Continued 


PAGE 

Les.  30,  Sound  of    r;  Exers.  fol.. 114-115 
"  81,        "      "    w;        "  116-117 

"  32,        "      "     y;        "  118-119 

"   33,        "      "   m;        "  120-121 

"  34,        "      "    n;        "  122-123 

"  35,        «      "     ij;        "  122-123 

"  36,        "      "     h;        "  124-125 

Genesis,  Standard   American 

Edition 126-127 

Scientific  Alphabet  of  American 

Philological  Association .128 

Appendix   129 

Acknowledgements 129 

Observation  on    Vowel  Utterances- 
Prof.  Whitney's  report 130 

Prof.  A.  Schnyder's  Vowel  Scheme 

Illustrated 133 

Syllabication 134 

Circumflex 135 

English  Alphabet  in  Current  Spelling.136 
Irrational   System    of    Notation,   by 

Prof.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott  137 

Comparison  of  Alphabets 138 

Comparison  of  Alphabetic  Signs 138 

The  new   letters,  a,  e,  n,  in    current 

spelling,  by  O.  C.  Blackmer 139 

Excerpts  from   Addresses   by   Prof. 

Francis   A.   March  139 

Phonetic  Spelling  by  Alphabet  of  The 

American  Philological  Association. 142 
Opinion  of  Prof.  Thomas  R.  Louns- 

bury,  Yale     142 

Opinion  of  Prof.  S.  Wells  Williams, 

Yale 143 

Opinion  of  Rev.  Mr.  Robertson,  Mis- 
sionary   143 


PAGE 

Opinion  of  Charles  Sumner,  States- 
man     143 

Selected  Poems 144 

Song  ot  Hope,  Mary  A.  Lathbury.  .  .144 
Lord  of  All,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.145 
Proot  of  Love  and  Power,  W.  C.  B  ...  145 

Eternal  Justice,  Charles  Mackay 146 

This  Strange  Language.Philadelphia 

Bulletin 147 

Logic  of  Events,  Prof.  James  Rogers  147 

Push  On,  Alice  Gary 148 

America's  Beatitude.  M.  S.  Paden  ..149 
Opinion  of 

Prof.  W.  D.  Whitney,  Yale 150 

Pror.  George  D.  Broomell,  Chicago.  .150 

Jacob  Grimm  151 

Andrew  D.  White,  U.  S.  Ambassador.151 

W.  F .  Stead.  English  Editor 152 

Mary  B.  Rudiboc,  Teacher 152 

Dr.  James  A.  H.  Murrav,  Oxford 153 

Prof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  Oxford 153 

Prof.  ].  A.  Harrison,  Wash,  and  Lee  153 

Prot.  Max  Muller,  Oxford 154 

Prof.  James  Rogers,   Florida 154 

Herbert  Spencer,  England 154 

To  Teachers  154 

Blackboard  Work. , 155 

Desk  Work 155 

Oral  Work 155 

Conclusion,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.155 
Classification  of  the   Vowel  Sounds 
of  the  English  and  of  the  Spanish 

Languages 156 

Classification    of    the    Consonant 
Sounds  of  the  English  and  of  the 
Spanish  Languages 157 


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"An  Alphat 
and  it  is  easy  to  L 
simple,  and  near 
the  shapes  and  v 
a  sign  for  each  sc 
Benn  Pitman,  in 

This  book,  v" 
years  of  study  of 
they  are  taught  i- 
guage  is  such  th; 
has  since  contin_ 
Author  that  the 

Teachers  ar 
taught  correct  sy 
pages  of  the  mail 
by  letters  of  the  T 
and  the  text  conl 
is  indicated  by  tl- 
tionary  for  the  u; 
itself,  the  proper- 
sary,  correct  thei 

The  Appen<_ 
addition,  showin 
English  and  of  t 

This  book  \v~~ 
accompany  the  c 
or  different  addr— 

This  circuit 
phonetic  spelling 
candid  judgmen 


iage 


>oken  language* 
_ng  would  be  as. 
?r  once  learnin/ 
•ha bet  provided 
same  sound.' 


LD  21-100m-7,'39(402s) 


JOHN  M.  MOTT  &  CO., 


result  of 
c  way  in  \vhicl 
lling  of  our  lai 
ly  became,  am 
udgment  of  the 
overestimated 
sound,  and  ai 
oughout  the  I:?; 
etransliteral 
bout  3,000  wcm 
iation  of  whicl 
renouncing  die 
}rm  of  the  wore! 
,  and,  if  neces 

matter  and  n 
spelling  of  tin 


g  rates,  cash  t< 
ent  to  the  samt 
sses,$16.50. 
nd  advocates  oj 
to  give  us  thei 


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